Identify Irony in Flanners Oconnors a Good Man Is Hard to...

The Irony in Flannery O’Connor’s Irony is a significant rhetorical technique used in demonstrating a condition which is conflicting or expression whereby the result is the exact opposite of what is anticipated. This device of literature creates absurdity in the story according to its tone. Irony has an element of indirectness hence making the writing interesting to the reader. In the story of Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find,† Irony has aided deeper comprehension and understanding of its themes as it provokes the readers making them to critically analyze the state, paralleling and distinguishing the actual condition with assumptions as explained in the paper. Use of irony is imbued in this work as it is a principal feature†¦show more content†¦She made this judgment using the bare information she assessed, instead of using his character which can only be known in a length of time. The character is determined by distinct qualities which are unique in a person and this cannot be identified within a very short time especially when you meet a person for the first time (Dockery, David, Gregory, George, Brad, Harry, David, Jimmy, Barbara, Glenn, Karen, Paul, Antonio, Kina, Thomas, Susan, Mary, Donald, Kimberly Todd, 2002). The grandmother objected spending the vacation in Florida but she is the first person to go into the car. We expected her to be dragged into the car since Florida was not her favorite place to spend the vacation. Immediately after the car accident, the Misfit together with his associates comes. The grandmother identifies the Misfit and he is polite which is true but is meant to make the family have easy moments, makes her to assess Misfit. The grandmother ordered for calmness only to tell misfit that he is a good gentleman. She judged that Misfit was from a society which is good moraly(OConnor, 2001). It is possible that the grandmother was desperate and wanted to gain some favor from Misfit but the baseline is that she made this judgment based on the visible outlook and external behavior which can be misleading because appearance is deceptive and is far from reality. The

The Harrapan Civilization Essay - 617 Words

The Harrapan Civilization The Indus Valley, or Harrapan, civilization was discovered in 1920-21 when engraved seals were discovered near present-day Sahiwal in Pakistani Punjab at a place called Harappa. Excavations at Mohenjodaro in Sind discovered the buried remains of a civilization with a pictographic script. The Harappans first settled sites along the Indus River. This civilization extended to the Yamuna along the bed of the river Ghaggar in Rajhastan, Gujrat and up to the mouths of the rivers Narbada and Tapati. The Harappan culture extended from the Indus Valley through northeastern Afghanistan, on into Turkestan. Most of the major sites of this civilization are in Pakistan. In fact it is in Pakistan that an earlier phase of†¦show more content†¦Some of the most exciting discoveries in Ravi Phase levels have been of early writing. The origins of the Indus script-like signs dates from 3300-2800 BC. This would make the origins of writing in South Asia approximately the same time as in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. The Indus Valley civilization is traditionally broken down into three more Harrapan Phase, from 2600 to 1900 BC, a Harrapan transitional period, 1900 to 1700 BC, and the late Harrapan period, 1700 to 1300 BC. Archaeological and linguistic evidence indicates that the Dravidians were the founders of the Harappan culture. The Harappan civilization was twice the size the Old Kingdom of Egypt. They had trade relations with Mesopotamia, Iran, and the Central Asian peoples. The Mature Harappan civilization is divided into two cultures, the Sorath Harappan and the Sindhi Harappan. The Sindhi Harappan sites are sites characterized by elaborate architecture, fired brick construction, sewage systems and stamp seals. The Sorath Harappan sites lack stamp seals, ornaments and elaborate architecture. The Harappans were organized into chiefdoms, averaging between two and five acres. 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Night Creature Dark Moon Chapter Twenty Four Free Essays

His gun was filled with lead. Regardless, being shot hurt. Really, really hurt. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Creature: Dark Moon Chapter Twenty Four or any similar topic only for you Order Now And he shot me in the butt. How mortifying. I wanted to shout, curse, cry. Instead I ran. At first all I could think of was getting away, so I accelerated in the general direction of Cuba. However, when my skin began to heal the hole with the bullet still inside, I detoured to the cabin. Approaching from the rear, I sniffed the air and smelled nothing but trees, heard only the wind. Leaping onto the back porch, I imagined myself human and suddenly I was. The talisman resided in the pocket of Jessie’s pants back at the junkyard. Even though I didn’t appear to need it anymore, I wanted the icon back. And I’d get it, just as soon as I removed the irritating bullet from my ass. I could get used to changing back and forth in the blink of an eye. The lack of pain and agony was a definite plus. Making use of my suddenly opposable thumb, I turned the doorknob, slipped inside, then straight into the bathroom. The glare of the electric light made me flinch even before I saw myself in the mirror. Dirt streaked my face; my hair was full of leaves and twigs; fiery red scratches marred my arms. Twisting awkwardly, I tried to see my wound, but I couldn’t. The bullet seemed to be scraping me from the inside out. What didn’t kill me might just drive me mad. I was going to have to ask for help, and I hated that. I opened the bathroom door, and yelped. Nic stood on the other side. One glance at my face and he cursed, then shoved his way into the room. I snatched a towel off the rack and clutched it to my breasts. Stupid. He’d already seen and touched everything already. â€Å"What the hell happened?† Nic demanded. I wasn’t sure where to start. â€Å"I woke up and you were gone. No note. Nothing.† Nic shoved his fingers through his hair, making it stand on end, reminding me of the coarse blond locks of our dream child. I shoved the image out of my head. That child wasn’t real, could never be real, and I had to remember that. Nic wore nothing but boxers. Too bad I didn’t have time to admire his physique. Blood flowed down the back of my legs and dripped onto the floor. â€Å"What the – â€Å"? Nic yanked the towel free and spun me around. I was so shocked, I let him. â€Å"Who shot you?† â€Å"Guy in the junkyard. The owner, or maybe the night watchman.† â€Å"I take it you were furry at the time,† he murmured. â€Å"Or he and I are going to have a discussion.† I glanced over my shoulder and caught an expression of such violence cross his face I was shocked – and a little bit charmed. I could take care of myself – bullet in the butt notwithstanding – but it was kind of nice for once to have someone else want to look after me. Nic saw me staring and schooled his face into the stoic mask I’d come to loathe. â€Å"You’d better get in the bathtub. You’re making a mess.† â€Å"Good idea.† I climbed in. â€Å"What were you doing at the junkyard?† Quickly I explained about the phone call, the Edsel, the watchman, and the ghostly wolves. When I was done, Nic stared at me without blinking. â€Å"Ghost wolves. Are they something new?† â€Å"I’ve never heard of them. But now I know why I saw wolf shadows at Lydia’s and caught the scent of wolves when everyone else swears there aren’t any. At least I’m not nuts.† â€Å"Just able to see, smell, and hear things no one else can,† he said dryly. â€Å"Do you think the disappearing bodies are related somehow?† I thought for a minute, then shook my head. â€Å"The ghost wolves didn’t do much beyond bump against me and spread cold spots. I doubt they’re killing people. Besides, Sheriff Stephenson was killed with a knife, then marked with a human bite.† â€Å"Which means we’ve got two problems instead of one.† â€Å"At least.† â€Å"So what’s the deal?† He waved at my rear end. â€Å"I thought werewolves could heal damn near anything.† â€Å"We can. Trouble is, I’m healing faster than usual. You’re going to have to dig that out.† He didn’t argue. â€Å"Got any medical instruments?† â€Å"Not anymore.† â€Å"Oh, right. Compound go boom.† Leaning down, Nic peered at my left cheek. Funny how a little bullet and a lot of blood took care of any sexual interest in my nakedness. Or maybe discovering my true nature had already killed that. â€Å"Will left a few things,† he said. â€Å"Hold on.† He returned a few minutes later with a small leather case. Inside were several lethal-looking blades. â€Å"Filleting knives.† Nic began to root around in the medicine cabinet concealed behind the mirror over the sink. â€Å"Will must like to fish.† â€Å"What are you searching for?† â€Å"Alcohol.† I snorted. â€Å"As if I’ll get an infection.† â€Å"Humor me.† Removing a clear bottle, he doused the smallest of the knives, then withdrew a tweezers from the cabinet and doused that, along with his hands. â€Å"Turn around,† he said. â€Å"No problem.† I didn’t want to watch. Nic splashed my butt with alcohol, and I nearly jumped out of the tub. â€Å"Hey! What did I say about infection?† â€Å"Can you promise I won’t get furry if I accidentally cut myself with your blood all over me?† â€Å"I told you. The virus is only passed through saliva when I’m in wolf form.† â€Å"But things can change.† He was right. I had no idea what was happening to me. The virus could be mutating, and then everything I knew, or thought I knew, would be wrong. â€Å"Leave it,† I said. â€Å"I’ll live.† â€Å"I’m not lame. I won’t cut myself. Besides, you’ve got the handy-dandy antidote. If I get infected, you can cure me.† Could I? I no longer had the formula, and it wasn’t exactly simple enough to remember off the top of my head. None of them were. I hadn’t heard from Edward since he’d left town. I was starting to worry. If he were to disappear, along with everything I’d invented, the world, as well as me, was in big-time trouble. Nic poked me. â€Å"Ow!† â€Å"Hold still or you’ll have more holes than you already do.† He punctuated his words with another jab. â€Å"I’ve almost got it.† I stared at the bathroom tile and waited for him to finish. Within three minutes, something pinged against the bathtub, then rolled toward the drain, coming to rest on top of the steel trap. Nic picked up the bullet. â€Å"Constantly amazes me that something this little can do so much damage.† He lifted his gaze and in his eyes I saw many things. Relief, anger, wariness, fear, and something else I couldn’t quite place before he turned away, tossing the instruments into the sink and dousing them again with alcohol. â€Å"You’d better take a shower.† His voice was remote once more, and I had to wonder if I’d seen or only imagined the softer emotions crossing his face. I turned on the water. Even if Nic could get past my being a werewolf, there were so many other things about me he didn’t know and never could. â€Å"The wound’s already healed over,† he murmured. I couldn’t see the hole, and I didn’t really want to. Yanking the shower curtain closed, I let the heated water wash the blood from my skin. If only it could wash the blood from my hands – or should I say paws? â€Å"You mind if I stay while you explain what’s going on?† he asked. â€Å"Suit yourself.† I stuck my head under the spray. â€Å"Who called you?† â€Å"I thought it was Edward.† Now I wasn’t so sure. â€Å"Does he have your research?† â€Å"I hope so.† â€Å"Not having it. That’s bad?† â€Å"You have no idea.† I scrubbed soap into my hair, working the suds from my scalp all the way to the ends. â€Å"Not only is the formula for the antidote gone, but so is the formula for me.† Nic yanked back the shower curtain. â€Å"What happens, exactly, if you don’t take your medicine? I thought you were different.† â€Å"I am.† I pulled on the plastic. â€Å"You mind?† He scowled but drew the curtain across the rod with a shriek of metal rings, and I began to rinse my hair. â€Å"Werewolves can’t help but change under the full moon,† I explained. â€Å"There’s no resisting its pull. I’ve tried to cure the transformation, but I’ve never been able to.† â€Å"So if you have to change, how are you different?† â€Å"I was never possessed by evil – what we call the ‘demon.’ Killing people sickened me.† Nic had never been dumb. He heard what I wasn’t saying. â€Å"You never liked to kill, but you did.† â€Å"The first time, the transformation is frightening, maddening.† The power is exhilarating. The words whispered through my brain. Was that my thought or someone else’s? Someone else’s ? I must have lost too much blood. â€Å"The hunger,† I whispered. â€Å"I can’t describe it.† The agony in my belly, the pounding of my pulse, the shrieking in my head. Despite the steamy heat surrounding me, I shivered. â€Å"You’ll do anything to make the torment stop. Anything.† Silence from the other side of the curtain spoke louder than words. Nic was wondering why I hadn’t eaten a silver bullet rather than a person. I’d wondered that myself. At least he didn’t ask. â€Å"If a werewolf doesn’t partake of human blood on the night of the full moon, what happens? He dies?† â€Å"No such luck.† If it were that easy, Edward could just lock up all the werewolves and forget about the key. â€Å"Only silver ends a lycanthrope’s existence. Or being killed by another werewolf. However, that’s rare.† I’d found it bizarre that a lycanthrope would murder a human, yet balk at killing another werewolf, but no one ever said they were logical. â€Å"Why is it rare?† â€Å"There’s a fail-safe, for want of a better term. Maybe a taboo, I guess, against killing our own kind. My personal theory is that the fail-safe is part of the demon.† â€Å"Which you don’t have,† Nic said slowly. â€Å"And neither does Damien.† Damien’s curse had taken away not only his demon but any lingering concern about the werewolf rules. He’d also discovered that killing other werewolves took the edge off that pesky need for human sustenance. Convenient for him, since he hadn’t had access to my serum. â€Å"What about that Weendigo you and Lydia were discussing? The Great Cannibal?† â€Å"I’ve known one – Hector Menendez. He was demon personified, and he had no problem killing werewolves.† â€Å"Which screws up your personal theory.† I’d thought a lot about Hector. Probably too much in the dark of the night. â€Å"Since Hector had no problem breaking human taboos – † I began. â€Å"Such as?† â€Å"Eating people when he was still a people.† â€Å"I thought he was a werewolf cannibal.† â€Å"With Hector we got a twofer.† â€Å"A cannibal in both forms,† Nic murmured, â€Å"so all of his fail-safes were broken.† I’d always enjoyed talking with Nic. He was so quick and bright, he’d often finish my thoughts before they came out of my mouth. That hadn’t changed, even though almost everything else had. â€Å"That’s my theory,† I agreed. â€Å"But Hector’s a little too dead to ask about it.† â€Å"Exactly.† â€Å"With regular werewolves, those with the demon and no access to your serum, what happens under the full moon?† â€Å"The madness takes over, if they don’t shift voluntarily, they’ll do so automatically.† I closed my eyes and let the water beat down on my face, but nothing could make those memories go away. Nic remained silent for several minutes. When he spoke again, I understood why. â€Å"Mandenauer told me you experienced your first transformation at Stanford. But why then?† Hell. Trust Edward to tell Nic just enough to make him curious and not enough to make him stop questioning me. I shut off the shower, then wrapped myself in a towel before opening the curtain. Nic leaned against the sink, arms crossed over his bare chest. His biceps bulged; his stomach was hard and flat, his legs long, muscled, and lightly covered with hair. I remembered what his hands felt like, what his skin tasted like. I forced myself to walk away, but Nic followed me into my bedroom and brought with him his questions. â€Å"Was it the moon? Your age? A spell?† He made a disgusted sound. â€Å"A spell. I never thought I’d hear myself ask that.† I moved to the window, pushed the curtain aside, and let the silver soothe me. Funny, the icy glow that beat down from the sky, to me as strong as the sun in the middle of July, used to upset me. Now I was drawn to it. â€Å"Does it matter?† I asked. â€Å"There’s no going back.† Nic came up behind me, and I caught the scent of his hair, felt the heat pulsing off him like steam. â€Å"Tell me,† he insisted. â€Å"I deserve to know.† He did, although I didn’t want to be the one to tell him. Too bad I was the only one here. â€Å"Love,† I said. â€Å"Love changed me.† â€Å"I don’t understand.† I wasn’t sure what else to say, so I hesitated. He lost his patience, not that he had much to begin with, and grabbed me by the shoulders, spinning me around. â€Å"Tell me,† he ordered through gritted teeth. â€Å"Fine,† I spat, through teeth just as tight. â€Å"Dopamine rushing through the brain, adrenaline making the heart pound, phenylethylamine creating the feeling of bliss, oxytocin bringing about sexual arousal.† My tone was clinical. I refused to look Nic in the eye. He released me as if I’d suddenly sprouted horns. Maybe I had. â€Å"Falling in love with me made you a werewolf?† â€Å"No. My mother being bitten by a monster was what made me a werewolf. The virus was there waiting. It was only a matter of time.† â€Å"And the right person.† I shrugged and turned back to the window. â€Å"You changed and then you disappeared. But what happened in between? You said the hunger was too much to bear the first time.† â€Å"It was.† â€Å"You killed someone?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"And then?† I stared at the moon, the trees, the night, and I remembered. Then Edward had locked me in a cage. How to cite Night Creature: Dark Moon Chapter Twenty Four, Essay examples

Research in Accounting Strong Built Construction Company

Question: Discuss about theResearch in Accounting for Strong Built Construction Company. Answer: Introduction Most of the organizations mainly put importance to the components like base pay, bonuses, equity, benefits and perks of a typical compensation structure (Horngren, Harrison and Oliver 2012). Organization provides compensation to its employees so that they can able to fulfill their needs. In this study, Strong Built Construction Company has able to maintain its position even when the industry is facing trouble. Body A typical compensation package is composed of nine elements. These are base salary; annual or quarterly bonus; other bonus like boss, peer, outstanding non-normal accomplishments; stock options; stock units; health and wellness that consists of dental, medical, vision, employee assistance program; life and accident insurance that is composed of basic life, survivor income benefit, long term disability, accidental death and dismemberment; other insurance like travel, legal and perks like internet services, food, gym memberships, company bus, plane or train fare, cell phone and service, company discounts, university or ongoing funding for education, electric car chargers and many more (Warren, Reeve and Duchac 2012). However, the structure of a compensation package depends on size of the organization, nature of industry and even on the geographic location of the organization. The compensation package of an individual of the higher designation might vary as more elements might be inco rporated within the structure of compensation. The compensation package varies from one company to another. Thus the proportion of the components of a typical compensation package should vary from one organization to another Agency theory is one of the major components of financial economics. It indicates the conflicts of the interest between individuals with diverse interest in the same assets. By analyzing the agency theory, it can be assessed that the particular theory indicates the conflicts between shareholders and managers of the organizations and shareholders and bondholders. As per the theory, the relationship between the principals and agents can be described in an effective manner. The traditional agency relationship arises when individuals called principals or hire one or more individuals for conducting a particular process (Ballwieser et al. 2012). The primary agency relation lies between the stockholders and managers of the organization. In this context, Bill Strong, the founding director of Strong Built Construction Company have discussed about the profitability of the business in recent board meeting. Hence, the organization has been trying to improve the agency relationship with stakehold ers. In the recent survey, it has been identified that the motivation level of employees have fallen and it has affected the business (Van Puyvelde et al. 2012). Consequently, the business is unable to move forward in the global market. The traditional agency theory facilitates the organization to diminish the conflicts of interest between agents and principals. It is a strong indication of corporate governance and business ethics. With the involvement of the traditional agency theory, the director of Strong Built Construction Company would be able to resolve issues regarding compensations. In this scenario, the profit before tax has fallen and it affects the business in many ways. For example, the employees become de-motivated and less performer. Through the engagement of the traditional agency theory, the Strong Build Company has been upholding the relation with staffs, shareholders, suppliers and customers. Moreover, the organization has been planning to enhance the relation with their employees by providing the adequate compensation to them. In recent years, Strong Built Construction Company has been approaching the conventional agency theory for executing the compensation to employees (Pepper Gore 2015). With the involvement of the conventional agency theory, employees obtain the monetary benefits from the company. Bill Strong, the director of Strong Built Construction Company, has argued that monetary compensation would be beneficial for the employees and it would facilitate to motivate employees for providing enhanced performance in the business. On the other hand, the executive compensation would be considered during the compensation planning. Hence, it can be assessed that the traditional agency theory influences the organization approaching compensation for employees in the business (Pepper Gore 2014). Comparison Between Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation: Extrinsic Motivation Intrinsic Motivation The extrinsic motivation means outside or external motivation. This type of motivation is commonly found everywhere and is used frequently within the present society. As per the extrinsic motivation, an individual is motivated to behave, learn and achieve based on the highly observed result (Hoggett 2012). Rather it can also be said that this motivation is used for the purpose of fun, learning or development that is served within an experience. Intrinsic motivation provides fun and mainly aim for competency and skill development and for excitement and accomplishment. In case of intrinsic motivation, an individual perform some activities in order get himself stress free, relieved and to get fun. Implementation of this method makes an individual feel better. Excitement makes people to think in a different way, thus this type of motivation is also counted as intrinsic motivation (Bragg 2013). In terms of intrinsic motivation, an individual work internally to develop his skills, rather it can be said that people are motivated by the implementation of the intrinsic measures. Though there are many differences between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, there is one relationship between the two types of motivation and that is both the types help people to get motivate and to achieve their goals. The compensation of the members is based on the employees who are willing to take the risk and willing to avoid the risk. In case Strong built Construction Company aligns the present incentives in the compensation scheme with the risk attitude of the employees then the employees will be able to reward themselves with higher amount of compensation. The higher is the risk taking attitude of the employee, the higher amount of compensation should be awarded to the employee. On the other hand the risk avoiding employee tends to avoid risk and this should directly reflect in their compensation (Ims et al. 2014). According to Foss, N Stea, D (2014), the compensation committee led by U.S. takes in consideration fairness and balance in the compensation. According to this principle the employees having more responsibility towards the organization fundamentally have greater pay for performance, proper alignment of incentives and a shareholder friendly compensation package. The willing among the employees for greater productivity is has a direct influence on the external rewards and it follows logical sequence of payment system followed by the performance of the employees. The risk avoiding employees are further motivated by the several factors such as, meeting the goals of the organization, making and implementation of the various decisions and the willingness to take part planning, organizing and controlling the effects of the other employees. This has a direct impact on the compensation of the employees (Hermanson 2012). According to Graham et al. (2013) the best time for the employees to receive financial benefit is during the time when the share prices of the company are high and the tax level is low. The best time is driven by the various market forces, due to this reason the company need to identify the best time according to the present tax and future forecast of the tax structures. In this way even if the revenue of the company falls, the employees will be able to draw higher amount of compensation. The various intrinsic factors like giving a challenging task or getting the employees involved in the decision making process will ensure that the employees always stay motivated and improve the working attitude among the employees. The time when the company decides to dissolves its held shares for the past three years is also a good time to provide the compensation. The company needs to bring liquid flow of money in its account so that it is able to settle the salaries of the employees with ease. ( Gursoy 2013). Compensation is a substitute term for salaries and wages. Studies have identified that compensation is one of the prime factor that helps employees to work to their full potential. Hence, fairness consideration will have to be implemented by the company so that no employees of the organization feel that they are not a valuable asset of the company (Osibanjo, Pavithra and Adeniji 2014). However, survey has identified the fact that level of motivation of the employees have fallen to a great extent. As a result, the management tries to implement conventional agency theory approach so that it can provide high level of monetary benefits to its employees so that their motivational level can remain in good order. Fairness consideration in determining compensation is a kind of thing that had to mention by the organization (Chen et al. 2015). Otherwise, the prime objective that is to improve the present level of motivation of the Strong Built Construction Company might not be fulfilled. In addition, the company is looking to initiate company share to the employees. Therefore, the company has to ensure that the share of the company is distributed in such a way so that every individual within the company can actually feel satisfied with this approach (Su 2014). Otherwise, it might even increase the negative impact on the mind of the employee. Executive compensation is one of the most highly important factors that Strong Built Construction Company has to consider at the time of providing compensation to the executives. Since, executive are often considered that they might not show their incentive to perform to their full potential, which might affect the companys overall performance. Therefore, executive committee has to be developed in such way, which can evaluate the performances of the employees (Goel 2012). The performance measurement is extremely crucial at the time of providing compensation. Since, if the an employee who is giving his best at the workplace, does not compensated properly as compared to another employee who is not probably giving too much effort in the job, it actually can increase the dissatisfaction or frustration level of the employees even more higher. Hence, formation of the committee can minimize this kind of possibilities, which will help the Strong Built Construction Company to increase the pre sent level of the motivation for the employees. According to Hermanson et al. (2012), compensation committee is need to be established because of practical and legal reasons. The key determinations of the compensations need to be established. There are complex compensation issues which are need to be addressed and the board does not have adequate time to solve the complex compensation issues and this resulted in the formation of compensation committee which ensures that the issues are addressed and receiving the deliberate attention. The committee formed should have relevant degree of independence. The compensation program needs to be designed by the compensation committee should focus on the incentives promoted by the program. The committee should consist of independent directors and the evaluation of the committee should be done annually. The compensation of compensation committee should be determined by the board itself. The chair of the compensation committee would be elected by the board unless elected by the board. With or w ithout case , the board is entitled to remove the member of compensation committee (Guthrie et al. 2012). The members of committee needs to address the dissatisfaction of employees and the idea of new chief officer to provide intrinsic compensation to employees which means motivation is given to the employees by rewarding them in terms of intangible factors such as appreciating them at the accomplishment of the tasks to boost their morale, treating with consideration and making them feel satisfied. This would enable to boost the outcome as the current level of executing compensation is not optimum (O'Reilly 2014). Conclusion According to various dimensions of the research study it can be observed that the traditional theory related to the agency theory shows the importance of principal and agents. The agency theory helps to address the issues associated with desire of principal and the attitude of the principal for the compensation of degree of risk. In practical application of the problem is mainly observed among the stock holders. The extrinsic and intrinsic factor of motivation further illustrates how the internal agents vary from the external agents in defining of the attitude towards work. The appropriate time to pay of compensation is based on the availability of the liquid cash flows and several Governmental policies which are in favor of the construction companies. The overall aim of the study is to put an augmented emphasis on the fairness related to the structuring of the compensation package of the employees. Recommendations Due to the stringent policy by the government , the construction company is in downturn but the Strong built construction company has been able to maintain its profile and though the company was able to maintain its stability in terms of revenue there was falling motivation among the employees. The proposal by the new chief financial officer, Susan Bold to compensate the employees in terms of intrinsic motivation is sounding good and it would enhance their performance. The monetary compensation would be determined by the time frame of the business when it is exploring. And so the intrinsic benefits such as making them feel satisfied, participating in decision making process would change the attitude of the employees toward their work and would keep them motivated. In order to settle the salaries of the employees with ease, the company needs to maintain the liquid flow of money which is a secondary factor but the primary things to be focused on is the intrinsic factors to enhance the performance of the employees Part B Ia.) The aim of the research paper is to evaluate the significance of the explanations as stated in the ISA 700 auditors report in decreasing the audit expectation gap. As per the German auditors report there existed certain discrepancies in preparing audit reports as per the ISA 700 guideline. The aim of the research paper is to identify the effectives of the policies stated in the ISA 700 statements to reduce the gap between the expectations of the management of a business organization relating to the audit procedure and the actual results that is reflected in the audit procedure (Graham et al. 2012). The research paper seeks to analyze the e implications of the ISA 700 framework as per the operational expenses of a business enterprise. In addition, it seeks to measure the actual financials position of the business enterprise without any bias. As such, the primary responsibility of the research paper is to present a true and fair view of the financial state of a business organization. Ib.) Auditors - External auditors , Internal auditors Financial Statements Financial Analysts - Junior Financial Analysts Senior Financial analysts Auditors report Students - High school students , Middle school students The profitability of a business enterprise. Investors The financial strength of the business organization as well as the number of preference shares shares sold in the market . Ic.) The manipulation checks relate to identifying the discrepancies in the auditors report as well as the accounting statements prepared in the year-ended financial statements. In addition, the manipulation checks referred to the preparation of the financial statements of a business enterprise in accordance to the necessary guideline and framework, which the business organization is supposed to adhere. According to Moser and Martin (2012), The manipulation checks has been an essential part of the auditors job in carrying out authentic reports about the financial statements prepared in the business enterprise. Besides this, it remains essential to gather reports as per the manipulations made in the business enterprise. The total expenses of the organization shall be scrutinized as per the vouchers in the organization. (Parker and Guthrie 2014). Thus, undue manipulations would not be made which shall lead to a rise in the operational expenses of a business enterprise. II II a) According to both the studies the primary objective of the audit process was considered to be fraud detection until 20th century. However the primary importance shifted from detection of the fraud to verify the details in the financial statements. The audit profession wanted to avoid discrepancies related to legal suits by the various business organization and general public. It has been observed that fraud detection is prevalent in many firms and stake holders are discontent with the work of the auditors. The objective of the study is to assess the validity of audit estimates gap in Ghana both from auditors and stockbrokers point of view (Agyei and Owusu 2014). II b) According to the study suggested by Okafor the difference between the degree of expected performance experienced by the user of both financial statement and the auditor is defines as the audit expectation gap. The study has also identified audit expectation gap as the difference between audit performers and the details conveyed though the audit. The method of data collection was based on questionnaire method. According to Agyei and Owusu-Yeboah (2013), the report explains, the gap of audit expectation mainly exists due to subjectivity of the terms and concepts used in the auditing process. The concepts include reasonableness, fair value, adequacy, materiality, reliability and relevance. The study was conducted using sampling techniques. The approach by Okafor is more rigorous as it is more focused towards quantitative research study by considering hypothesis 1 and hypothesis 2. IIc) According to Agyei and Gyamerah (2014), Albert Agyeis the participants consisted of 72.5 % of male respondents and 27.5% of female respondents. Among the various respondents the work experience of 60% of the respondents had an experience of over 5 years, while 30% of the respondents were between 6 years and 10 years and rest had even higher amount of experience. The study conducted by Okafor consisted of participants from the accounting department of the University of Benin, Benson Idahosa University and Ambrose Alli University, and other investing public in Edo state. (Okafor and Otalor 2013). II d) Acccording to Boateng and Agyei, (2013), the respondents in the study conducted by Albert Agyei revealed that 45% of the auditors agreeing to the statements and 45% disagreeing. The frauds detected in the financial statement were agreed by 65% of the total stock brokers. The study conducted by Okafor revealed that it was the responsibility of the auditor to ensure the client with an accurate audit report including the financial statements. The main findings of the study revealed that 67.12% of the respondents didnt know what was expected of the auditors as stated in the statute books and relevant documents. The response rate given Okafor is more accurate in nature. II e) Acccording to Ayuurebobi et al. (2015), the study by Albert Agyei is based on the parameters of agreement and disagreement of various variables. It also identifies that there was no expectation of gap among the auditors and the stockbrokers with relation to producing financial statements. Moreover there was no the expectation of the gap was not present between auditors to the stockbrokers with respect to exercising the judgment in the selection of the audit procedures. The study conducted by Okafor suggested that most of the participants believed that it was the responsibility of the auditor to ensure the client with accurate auditing data and financial data. (Otalor and Okafor 2013). II f) Accoroding to Kusi et al. (2015), the flaws identified in the model of Albert Agyei indicated several over expectations of the users of the audited analysis of the financial statements. Several flaws in the model of Okafor suggested that more the public needed to be more educated toward their duties and responsibilities. The auditors report should have been further expanded to include disclaimer clauses stating the it is not a certificate or a guarantee related to the financial viability. Conclusion and Recommendation It can be concluded that the manipulations check also refer to identifying the discrepancies in the financial statement as well as the auditors report. It shall consist of stringent measures to that shall thoroughly examine the sales revenue earned as well as the income tax paid to the business organization. The Government regulations have also affected the present compensation structure of the employees. The time when the Government starts to put more amount of fund on the construction companies, the financial benefit earned by the employees will have an direct influence on the benefits reaped by the company Reference List Agyei, A. and Gyamerah, S., 2014. The Awareness of Employees on Tax Relief Scheme in Ghana. International Business and Management, 9(1), pp.79-83. Agyei, A. and Owusu, A.R., 2014. The Effect of Ownership Structure and Corporate Governance on Capital Structure of Ghanaian Listed Manufacturing Companies. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 4(1), pp.109-118. Agyei, A., Aye, B.K. and Owusu-Yeboah, E., 2013. An assessment of audit expectation gap in Ghana. Int. J. Acad. Res. Account., Financ. Manage. Sci, 3(4), pp.112-118. Ayuurebobi, K., Ngibise, B.A., Ngugi, A., Akpalu, A., Agbokey, F., Adjei, P., Punguyire, D., Bottomley, C., Newton, C. and Owusu-Agyei, S., 2015. Prevalence and risk factors for Active Convulsive Epilepsy in Kintampo, Ghana. The Pan African medical journal, 21. Ballwieser, W., Bamberg, G., Beckmann, M.J., Bester, H., Blickle, M., Ewert, R., Feichtinger, G., Firchau, V., Fricke, F., Funke, H. and Gaynor, M., 2012.Agency theory, information, and incentives. Springer Science Business Media. Boateng, I.A. and Agyei, A., 2013. Microfinance in Ghana: Development, Success Factors and Challenges. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 3(4), pp.153-160. Bragg, S. (2013).Accounting best practices. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Chen, K.Y., Hou, T.S., Chen, T.P. and Wang, D.Q., 2015. The Compensation Payment Form and Art of Elderly Human Resources in Small And Medium-Sized Energy Enterprises. Parker, L. and Guthrie, J., 2014. Addressing directions in interdisciplinary accounting research. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 27(8), pp.1218 Foss, N Stea, D 2014, 'Putting a realistic theory of mind into agency theory: implications for reward design and management in principalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ agent relations',European Management Review, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 101-16. Goel, D., 2012.Performance appraisal and compensation management: A modern approach. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Graham, J.R., Raedy, J.S. and Shackelford, D.A., 2012. Research in accounting for income taxes. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 53(1), pp.412-434. Guthrie, K., Sokolowsky, J. and WAN, K.M., 2012. CEO compensation and board structure revisited.The Journal of Finance,67(3), pp.1149-1168. Hermanson, DR, Tompkins, JG, Veliyath, R Ye, ZS 2012, 'The compensation committee process',Contemporary Accounting Research, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 666-709. Hoggett, J. (2012).Accounting. Milton, Qld.: John Wiley and Sons Australia, Ltd. Horngren, C., Harrison, W. and Oliver, M. (2012).Accounting. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Ims, KJ, Pedersen, LJT Zsolnai, L 2014, 'How economic incentives may destroy social, ecological and existential values: the case of executive compensation',Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 123, no. 2, pp. 353-60. Kusi, B.A., Ansah-Adu, K. and Agyei, A., 2015. Evaluating Banking Profit Performance in Ghana during and post Profit Decline: A five Step Du-Pont Approach. EMAJ: Emerging Markets Journal, 5(2), pp.29-40. ODwyer, B. and Unerman, J., 2014. Realizing the potential of interdisciplinarity in accounting research. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 27(8), pp.1227-1232. Okafor, C.A. and Otalor, J.I., 2013. Narrowing the Expectation Gap in Auditing: The Role of the Auditing Profession. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 4(2), pp.43-52. O'Reilly, CA, Doerr, B, Caldwell, DF Chatman, JA 2014, 'Narcissistic CEOs and executive compensation',The Leadership Quarterly, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 218-31. Osibanjo, A.O., Pavithra, S. and Adeniji, A.A., 2014. Compensation Management and Organisational Commitment in Developing Economies: Indian Perspective.Journal of Research in Management, Social Sciences and Technology,8(8), pp.1-15. Otalor, J. and Okafor, C., 2013. Imperatives of Bridging the Audit Expectation Gap and Enhancing the Credibility of Corporate Financial Information. International Journal of Business and Social Research, 3(5), pp.125-138. Pepper, A Gore, J 2014, 'The economic psychology of incentives: An international study of top managers',Journal of World Business, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 350-61. Pepper, A Gore, J 2015, 'Behavioral agency theory new foundations for theorizing about executive compensation', Journal of Management, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 1045-68. Refe Baku, A.A., Ahenkan, A., Agyei-Boachie, S.Y. and Gyamfi, C.O., 2014. Climate Change and Business Education in Ghana: A Study of the University of Ghana Business School. In 2nd UGBS Conference on Business and Development 2014 Conference Proceedings (p. 315). Su, X., 2014, January. Analysis on the measures to improve compensation management in SMEs in China. In2014 International Conference on Global Economy, Commerce and Service Science (GECSS-14). Atlantis Press. Van Puyvelde, S., Caers, R., Du Bois, C. and Jegers, M., 2012. The governance of nonprofit organizations integrating agency theory with stakeholder and stewardship theories.Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly,41(3), pp.431-451. Warren, C., Reeve, J. and Duchac, J. (2012).Accounting. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning

Impact of advertisments on consumer free essay sample

Introduction: Being part of marketing process, advertising is nowadays rampant in every organization. In order for an organization to be successful, major chunks of their capital have to be invested in making advertisements. No company can become a market leader if they do not invest a lot in their promotion (Hussainy et al., 2008). The fact cannot be denied of advertising, being taken as another effective approach towards gaining competitive advantage. Media and papers are flooded with numerous advertising concepts about its essential role in creating the image of the product in the mind of consumers. The fact remains that advertising is one best approach among all marketing efforts (Katke, 2007). Marketing is used to make customers aware of your products and services and is a promotional tool. This tool is used for the need to communicate end users. History shows that different symbols were used for the awareness and promotion of products but its different in the modern world . We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of advertisments on consumer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It has been found that applying marketing and its strategies result not only in gaining consumers trust but also, the organization enjoys advantages of market share. Before actually advertising their advertisements, marketers must need to have a know how about the buying behavior of customers for having positive impact on their target audience. The aim of analyzing consumer behavior is to know about those factors which influence customers in specific situations for example in monetary aspect (Ayanwale et al., 2005). It is therefore important on part of the marketer to understand the needs of consumers, their target audience, likes and dislikes of consumers and time slot for which the advertisement will be on aired, while creating any advertisement. Advertisements must be attractive enough to let consumer not only identify the product but also retain it in their mind. The advertisements have an impact on thought, assessment and purchases (Romaniuk and Sharp, 2004). It is not important that if any consumer watches any advertisement he will go and buy it immediately but what actually important is that the consumer definitely considers that brand before purchasing the product. Advertising does the role of reminding consumers of the brand as it is only through advertisements that the consumers are able to connect with the organization.  Hierarchy-of-effects model says that affect of advertising results in the recognition of brand and the advertisement, which results in formation of attitude towards the advertisement and brand ultimately leading to buying decision (Mendelson and Bolls, 2002). Effect of advertising on consumers according to Will Rogers: â€Å"Advertising is the art of convincing people to spend money they don’t have for something they don’t need† Objective of our research: The purpose of this study is to understand the impact of advertisement on consumer brand choices. The result of this study will be addition of new information in our current marketing knowledge. Literature review: For achieving success, organizations nowadays, search for number of options. In order to gain competitive advantage companies are not only using research and development but are also training people and using various technologies. In order to keep the loyalty of the consumer, organizations view simple marketing concept as a valuable approach. Advertising is therefore thought to be the leading weapon to beat competitors in the modern world. Advertisements: Philip Kotler (1988) views Advertising as: â€Å"It consist of non personal form of communication conducted through paid media under clear sponsorship† Advertising acts as a link between a person who has something to offer and the other one who buys it. It also helps sellers reach customers with the information which ought to be provided (Sakren, 1990). Advertising gives the knowledge about the product and develops ideas about the product in consumers mind (Morden, 1991).Both the authors are therefore of the view that Advertisement is a major source for consumer to get detailed information about the product but it is not necessary that every product needs to get advertised , as is the case with many such products like Mercedes, Rolls Royce, who have sufficient confidence that consumers are well aware of their products. Advertising has influenced our lives since its beginning and has had always been a great influence on the buying patterns of the consumers (Wright, Warner winter, 1971; Wells, Burnett Moriarty 1995; Ju gneheimer Whiet 1980). Advertising  aims towards maintaining positive response towards advertisement and the brand till customer buys that product and through this constructive response developing an emotional attitude in consumers mind. Advertisements should be aimed to develop a positive feeling because positive feelings towards advertisement help customers in remembering the product in contrast with those advertisements creating negative feelings. (Goldsmith and Lafferty,2002) .Positive feeling about the product may attract the consumer once but if it’s inferior quality disappoints him ,no matter how much positive feeling there is for the ad ,consumer won’t buy the product again. Therefore, for long term relationship, effective advertisement and good quality should move side by side. Advertising aims at building satisfaction in consumers’ minds. It makes consumers aware of their needs and wants and through that, present them with the available products which would satisfy them, tell them ways of how to spend their money and leave it on their will to buy or not buy the offer (Kotler, 1993).Kotler has been clear in defining the responsibility of marketing team to provide accurate and detailed information in a catchy way and make consumers realize that this is what they want. Consumer buying behavior: Research claims that personality is a key factor effecting consumer buying behavior. (Engel, Blackwell Miniard, 1986). . The audience must get what the advertiser has in his mind. This would prove the advertisement to be a success and would lead the consumer in buying a product (Clow Back, 2002). Arens (1996) comments about advertisements to be extremely informative as they inform the customers about the features and attributes of product which ultimately results in the formation of rational brand preference of consumer toward the product. Advertisers’ foremost aim is to reach their target audience in order to attract them in lieu of which they spend a lot of money. To achieve this goal marketers need to understand consumer behavior which involves understanding all the mental and emotional processes of the people who buy goods and services to fulfill their needs and wants. Understanding Consumer buying behavior is a key towards a successful advertisement campaign as has been well said by Arens. Understanding the consumer buying behavior would involve a deep study of consumer psychological processes and the eight stages of their buying decision  process. Goldsmith and Lafferty (2002) illustrate that consumers will purchase the product only when they watch an advertisement and develop a likeness for it. Caciappo, Haughtveat and Petty (1992) point out that consumers not only themselves get influenced by the advertisements but also they have an impact on their friends , spouse and relatives. Goldsmith and lafferty, unlike Caciappo, Haughtveat et al. believe that advertisements are the only source to get information about the product . In contrast, the other three also support word of mouth acquired from friend and relatives. Rook (1987) aptly describe consumers’ buying decisions are solely based on ease rather than ways that are most favorable and they intend to find ways that would be easier rather than complications of buying process. Effects of advertising on buying behavior: Russell and Lane (1996) observe that numerous organizations believe advertisements to be a magic as they modify consumer behavior about the product in the market. Marketing activities affect consumer behavior both internally and externally. Consumers’ perceptions are strongly influenced by their continuous disclosure to advertisements (Bergh, Bruce Katz, 1999). Advertising has great affects on the buying decisions of the customers. They affect consumers’ knowledge by giving out information and portraying personality and life style of consumers (David, 2001). Another source tells us that Radio commercials play an important part in affecting listeners’ interest on products and Services (Rajagopal, 2011) .However in current times we see that radio advertisements prove not to be that effective as this media is not exposed to much of the consumers. According to the above school of thoughts, advertisements provide information which may be of use for the end users, but in actual they only provide that portion of information which somehow benefits them and the rest of it remains hidden. Advertisements as an effective emotional influencer: Hsu and Mo, (2009) found this out, that when involvement was increased, consumers’ attention towards the advertisements that were related to the products’, also increased. There is a positive relation between frequency of advertisements shown and emotional responses of consumers (Bezijian et al., 2008) .In contrast Brassington and Pettitt, (2001) views are: For the  consumer to develop an emotional response towards the product it is important that the advertising is equally emotional. According to Carrigan and Attala (2001), advertisements that are made in accordance with the social and environmental conditions result in the increase of buyers’ demand for products. Advertisements may act as a stimulus for consumers who may or may not purchase the product in response to it. Stimulus could be either the four P’s that is product, price, place or promotion or it could be economical, technological etc. buyers may also have an internal stimulus which might be occupation, personality etc. All these stimuli have great effects on consumers’ buying decisions (Kollat and Willett, 1967). It has been rightly viewed by Kollat and Willett that economic and technological conditions do have an impact on buying decisions of consumers. For instance, the new technology has left behind with it, radio and news paper. As from the economic perspective, we see that consumers nowadays do not respond to tourism advertisement because due to current recession people cannot afford such leisure activities. Advertisements may not always result in the purchase of a certain product for instance, a viewer might watch the advertisement and make a decision not to buy a snowmobile but rather learn from the advertisement that snowmobile is a fun thing to do and is a socially approved amusement.(Anonoymus,1978). This might not result in the purchase of snowmobile by himself but his positive word of mouth may get others to buy the product. Negative approach of advertisers: A report suggests that various advertising methods including behavioural advertising, profiling, geolocalization, mobile phone advertisements and various other advertisements on social networking sites are an ‘ATTACK’ on the privacy of consumers unless consumers have consented to on it. (Anonymous, 2010). This phenomenon is observed in the current times as many private companies buy highly confidential information(mobile numbers, addresses) in return for little amount of money from banks or cellular companies. The purpose of television product advertisements is to induce a purchase. But, in thirty seconds of sight and sound, each advertisement conveys numerous messages which may extend far beyond the product impacting moral values and wishes of one’s’ society. Some may even mislead on vital purchasing decisions. (Anonoymus, 1978). This view carries weight as it can  be clearly observed in Pakistani Detergent advertisements which are encouraging children to get themselves muddy by portraying that dirt is good. How advertisements make audience develop inferiority complex: A recent study has found out that advertisers’ use of extra ordinarily attractive males and females in their ads make women and men alike feel inferior and old for which they try hard to look and appear as good as those portrayed in the magazines and ads. This greatly affects their buying patterns (Hawkins, Best, Coney 1998). The above thoughts are utterly in compliance with the current times. Nowadays, people not only observe the models using the specific product in the advertisement but they actually believe that their lives can be revolutionized by using that product which sometimes adversely affects their mental and family status. Effective advertisements are: Belch Belch (1998) illustrate that advertisements that are effectively communicated, guide the customer in the direction of the purchasing of brand. Bucklin, Randolph and Lattin (1991) claim that good brand advertisements attract customers who then as a result do their shopping in accordance with these brand advertisements. The effective advertising campaign of leading retail companies show that advertisements produce sizeable excitement among consumers and increase volume of sales.(Rajagopal, 2011) Advertising encourages people to purchase things and hence contribute towards creating awareness ( Bijmolt et al., 1998).

Phoneme Definition and Examples in English

Phoneme Definition and Examples in English In linguistics, a phoneme is the smallest sound unit in a language that is capable of conveying a distinct meaning, such as the s of sing and the r of ring. Adjective: phonemic. Phonemes are language-specific. In other words, phonemes that are functionally distinct in English (for example, /b/ and /p/) may not be so in another language.  (Phonemes are customarily written between slashes, thus /b/ and /p/.) Different languages have different phonemes. Etymology: From the Greek, sound Pronunciation: FO-neem Examples and Observations The central concept in phonology is the phoneme, which is a distinctive category of sounds that all the native speakers of a language or dialect perceive as more or less the same...[A]lthough the two [k] sounds in kicked are not identical- the first one is pronounced with more aspiration than the second- they are heard as two instances of [k] nonetheless...Since phonemes are categories rather than actual sounds, they are not tangible things; instead, they are abstract, theoretical types or groups that are only psychologically real. (In other words, we cannot hear phonemes, but we assume they exist because of how the sounds in languages pattern as they are used by speakers.) (Thomas E. Murray, The Structure of English:  Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology. Allyn and Bacon,  1995)Two points need to be stressed: (1) the most important property of a phoneme is that it contrasts with the other phonemes in the system, and hence (2) we can only speak of the phoneme of some particular speec h variety (a particular accent of a particular language). Languages differ in the number of phonemes they distinguish...but every valid word in every language necessarily consists of some permissible sequence of that languages phonemes. (R.L. Trask,  A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology. Routledge, 2004) An Alphabetical Analogy: Phonemes and Allophones The concepts of phoneme and allophone become clearer by analogy with the letters of the alphabet. We recognize that a symbol is a despite considerable variations in size, colour, and (to a certain extent) shape. The representation of the letter a is affected in handwriting by the preceding or following letters to which it is joined. Writers may form the letter idiosyncratically and may vary their writing according to whether they are tired or in a hurry or nervous. The variants in the visual representations are analogous to the allophones of a phoneme, and what is distinctive in contrast to other alphabetic letters is analogous to the phoneme. (Sidney Greenbaum, The Oxford English Grammar. Oxford University Press, 1996) Differences Between Members of a Phoneme We cannot rely on the spelling to tell us whether two sounds are members of different phonemes. For example...the words key and car begin with what we can regard as the same sound, despite the fact that one is spelled with the letter k and the other with c. But in this case, the two sounds are not exactly the same...If you whisper just the first consonants in these two words, you can probably hear the difference, and you may be able to feel that your tongue touches the roof of the mouth in a different place for each word. This example shows that there may be very subtle differences between members of a phoneme. The sounds at the beginning of key and car are slightly different, but it is not a difference that changes the meaning of a word in English. They are both members of the same phoneme. (Peter Ladefoged and Keith Johnson, A Course in Phonetics, 6th ed. Wadsworth, 2011)

What Exactly do Group Workers Do and What do Their Groups Seek to Coursework

What Exactly do Group Workers Do and What do Their Groups Seek to Achieve - Coursework Example However, with the advent of organizational set up in the twentieth century, both private and public companies encouraged teamwork for achieving the technical output as it demanded more scientific inquiry compared to yesteryears (Gerald Corey, 2007). This necessitated us to recruit more people for combined work or group work. Hence it is high time to analyze the desirable attributes of group workers for achieving success. The group workers are initially trained before taking up their main task in the areas of organizational skills, teamwork and coordination (Irvin D Yalom and Molyn Leszch, 2005). They will be made aware of the necessity of understanding the group requirements. The group worker would certainly understand the time frame and nature of his responsibility as part of the whole team (Gerald Corey, 2004). He would be assigned short-term targets and evaluation would be made at certain time intervals to assess his performance rate. The evaluation would also be made to ascertain whether his individual contribution is in proportion to the group requirement or not? At times, the group size may be very large and enhance there is need to divide it into subgroups. While making subgroups, some flexibility is to be given to select the subgroup. Of course, the care should be taken to ensure that the subgroup involves the homogenous mixture of persons from different specializations to look after the main technical work. To make it more specific, I would like to share my practical experience with working n some non-government or voluntary organizations. Voluntary organizations in which I had association work mainly for rural development. They aim at organizing the farmers and other rural poor for achieving higher net income by higher agricultural productivity.

Resersal of fortune by Patrick R. Keefe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Resersal of fortune by Patrick R. Keefe - Essay Example Whereas a discussion of the legal engagement and litigation would have been a none too interesting approach, the author instead able to utilize foreshadowing, a representation of the back story and flash forwarding as a means of engaging interest and promoting the action itself where it might otherwise be a boring or ignored. As a function of this particular level of analysis, the author will discuss some of the core strengths and weaknesses of the article in question, â€Å"Reversal of Fortune†, as well as analyzing what aspects could have made the story more effective and powerful to the reader. Similarly, the author also utilizes rhetorical mode and arrangement as a way of highlighting the argument. Ultimately, many critics of this particular article may point to its excessive length as a primary shortfall with regards the interest of the reader might share. However, this link is only the result of the fact that the writer takes a nuanced and differentiated view of the subject matter at hand. Rather than merely delving into the issue and explain both sides, the representation of the back story and a firm and thorough discussion of the data that supports the case is represented. Furthermore, by arranging the topic in terms of a simulant to the way in which a defendant and a prosecution might operate, the author is able to represent the manner through which the case itself is indicative of the lawsuit and legal entanglements that are so effective in understanding what actually occurred. By allowing the reader to make a determination for themselves, rather than for speeding f acts and opinions, the author is able to present a nuanced case that can be understood and appreciated by all individuals that reader; regardless of their political or socioeconomic affiliation/understanding of South American politics and the means

Illustrate and discuss with examples the law of diminishing returns Essay

Illustrate and discuss with examples the law of diminishing returns - Essay Example Cannan (1981) says that while the great British economist Malthus has been given a large part of the credit for discovering this law, it was Turgot who actually considered it in its application to the field of agriculture. Turgot writes that: â€Å"Where ordinary good cultivation prevails, the annual advances bring in 250 to the hundred, it is more than probable that if the advances were increased by degrees from this point up to that at which they would bring in nothing, each increment would be less and less fruitful (Cannan, 1981, Pg. 74)†. The law of diminishing returns was likened by Turgot to a spring which is forced to stretch due to the load of weights on it. As more and more weights are added to the spring, the relative extension starts decreasing until there comes a point where no further extension can be made to the spring (Cannan, 1981). The ideas given by Turgot can be simplified by using his own agricultural example but giving it a more modern complexion. For instance, given that we know that x amount of seed in one hectare of land would produce 3y of crop, we could assume that doubling the amount of seed would produce 2(3y) of crop i.e. 6y, if everything else remains the same. However, once the amount of seed is doubled, the output crop may not be exactly double and we could end up with a crop which is equal to 4y or 5y. If the amount of seed was further increased to 3x the returning crop amount could be 4.5 y or even less. In this manner, the marginal return from each additional unit of seed would become lesser and lesser until the marginal result would become close to zero. Even though it was Turgot who suggested the ideas behind this law of economics, Malthus popularized the concept with his Essay on the Principle of Population which was published in 1798 and discussed many different economic concepts (Cannan,

The Ferranti Effect

The Ferranti Effect As the length of the line increases specially in extra high voltage (EHV) lines, beyond 200km, we observe a phenomenon called Ferranti Effect in no load or low load conditions. This is due to the fact that as the line length increases the capacitance of the line increases, and the shunt capacitance generates the reactive power in the line. Since there is no load or low load to consume that excessive power, this results in excessive reactive power in the line and hence the receiving end voltage gets higher than the sending end voltage. This rise in voltage may well go beyond the operative ratings of the terminal and hence might give rise to many cascading events damaging the equipments. The continuous increase of the voltage of transmission, line length and number of sub-conductors per bundle has emphasized the importance of the excessive line MVAR in EHV systems as well as associated voltage and reactive controls. During the line charging volt-amperes of the line which have exceeded the inductive VARs consumed and operation at light loads, there is an undesirable voltage rises along the line. This voltage rise in turn demands a much higher insulation level, which poses a great problem. Moreover, if the insulation against these over-voltages were to be provided in the system, then the cost of the line becomes enormous. To overcome this phenomenon, shunt reactors are required to be installed at optimized location to absorb the excessive reactive power. Though this solution has a financial cost, but this is inevitable, since the load is a random variable and the generation of the power cannot be exactly planned for sudden tripping off of the loads. Aims and objectives: The aim of this thesis project is to investigate the Ferranti effect for long length transmission lines using PowerWorld simulations on a radial system. The following are the key objectives covered in this project. Impact by varying Line lengths: Investigate the system behavior regarding Ferranti effect with different transmission line lengths. This was done by investigating the profile of the effect for long length lines and hence distributed models were considered for this analysis. 2-Impact by varying loading levels: Since Ferranti effect is the phenomenon where receiving end voltage (Loads) is lower than sending end, it was important to look into the loading factor by varying the loading levels for different line lengths. 3- Investigation for optimum load levels to avoid effect: A series of experiments were done to find the minimum values of load required for varied line lengths in order to avoid Ferranti Effect and to contain the terminal voltage near 1p.u. 4- Minimum ratings for reactors for compensation: With a varied number of simulations and experiments, the minimum ratings of required reactors have been realized in order to maintain optimized terminal ratings at receiving end. Scope of thesis: This thesis will commence with an overview of the problems encountered with EHV long transmission line. This would be followed up by a literature review that covers the research of useful background theories. The result from the performed simulations will be discussed in detail. Finally, some recommendation for future works in this area of research. Chapter 2. INTRODUCTION TO TXN LINES: The electric lines which are used to carry electric waves are called transmission lines. The transmission line parameters like inductance and capacitance are not separable unlike the lumped circuits. The transmission parameters are distributed all along the length of the transmission line. Hence the method of analyzing the transmission lines is different from analyzing the lumped circuits. In the analysis of the transmission line, only steady state currents and voltages are concerned. The analysis includes the measurement of current and voltages at any length of the line, when a known voltage is applied at one end of the transmission line. The end at which the voltages are applied is called sending end and the end at which the signals are received is called receiving end of the transmission line. 2.1-transmission line parameters: For the analysis and design of transmission lines, it is important to have knowledge of electric circuit parameters, associated with the transmission lines. Various electric parameters associated with the transmission lines are as below, 1-Resistance: Depending upon the cross sectional area of the conductors, the transmission lines has resistance associated with them. The resistance is uniformly distributed all along the transmission line. Its total value depends upon the total length of the transmission line. Hence its value is given per unit length of the transmission line. It is denoted as R and is given in ohms per unit length. 2- Inductance: When the conductors carry the current, the magnetic flux is produced around the conductors. It depends upon the magnitude of the current flowing throw the conductors. The flux linkages per ampere of the current, gives rise to the effect called inductance of the transmission line. It is also distributed all along the length of the transmission line. It is denoted as L and measured in Henry per unit length of the transmission line. 3- Capacitance: The transmission lines consist of two parallel conductors or single line w.r.t earth separated by dielectric like air. Such conductors separated by an insulating dielectric produce a capacitive effect. Due to this, there exists a capacitance associated with the transmission line which is also distributed all along the length of the conductor. It is denoted as C and measured in Farads per unit length of the transmission line. 4- Conductance: The dielectric between the conductors is not perfect. Hence a very small amount of current flows through the dielectric called displacement current. This is nothing but leakage current and this gives rise to the leakage conductance associated with the transmission line. It exists between the conductors and is distributed all along the transmission line. It is denoted as G and measured as mho per unit length of the line. Thus the four important parameters of the transmission line are R, L, C and G. as the current flows from one conductor and complete the path through other conductor, the resistance of both the wires is included when specifying the resistance per unit length of the line. These line parameters are constant and are called the primary constants of the transmission line. Revisit snaps(4-16(1)) 2.2-performance equation of long transmission line: kundar book We can analyze the performance of the line on per phase basis. The relationship between current and voltage along the one phase of the line in terms of distributed parameters can be seen in the FIG below = series impedance per unit length/phase. = shunt admittance per unit length/phase. = length of the line. The voltages and current in the figure are the phasors representing sinusoidal time varying quantities. For a differential section of the line of length at a distance from receiving end, the differential voltage can be given as . hence (2.1) The differential current flowing through shunt admittance can be given as Similarly (2.2) Differentiating eq 1 and 2 yeilds (2.3) and (2.4) Now for the general equation for voltage and current at distance x from receiving end, if the receiving end voltage and current are known, can be given as (2.5) (2.6) Whereas this is called characteristic impedance. and = = this is called propagation constant. The constant and are complex quantities. The real part of propagation constant () is called the attenuation constant , while the imaginary part is called the phase constant . Now the first term in eq.5 increase in magnitude and advances in phase as the distance increases. This term is called incident voltage. While the second term in eq.5 decreases in magnitude and distorts in phase from receiving end towards sending end, this term is called reflected voltage. At any point along the line the voltage is the sum of incident and reflected voltage. The same is true for eq.6 . If a line is terminated at its characteristic impedance , then there is no reflected voltage and the line is called a flat line or infinite line. For a typical power line, G is practically zero and R Zc = = (2.7) = = (2.8) If losses are completely neglected the is a real number and is an imaginary number. Similarly for a lossless line eq.5 and 6 can be simplified as (2.9) (2.10) The voltage and current vary harmonically along the line length. A full cycle of voltage and current along the line length corresponds to 2 radians. If is the phase shift in radians per meter, the wavelength in meters is (2.11) 2.3-Equivalent circuit representation of long transmission line: A line with length more than 160km is considered a long transmission line and the parameters are assumed to be distributed uniformly along the line as a result of which the currents and voltages would vary from point to point. Let us consider the figure below series impedance per unit length shunt admittance per unit length length of the line total series impedance total shunt admittance The elemental equivalent of the above figure can be redrawn as follows. For analysis purpose we take receiving end as reference for measuring the distance. Assume we have an elemental length at the distance of x from the receiving end. If the voltage and current at distance x are and, so at the distance of so the voltage and current becomes + and + respectively. 2.12 By manipulating above equations Similarly 2.13 With above can be written as 2.14 And 2.15 By differentiating eq 2.14 2.16 The solution of eq 2.16 is 2.17 From eq 2.14 and 2.16 2.18 Where is the characteristic impedance and is the propagation constant. Eq 2.17 and 2.18 can be written as 2.19 2.20 If receiving end voltage and current are known then Substituting above values in eq 8 and 9 Again substituting values of A and B in eq 2.19 and 2.20 2.21 2.22 Since and are the voltage and current at any point distance x from receiving end as evident from expression and (magnitude and phase) are functions of distance , receiving end voltage and receiving end current , which means that they vary as we move from receiving end towards sending end. Now the quantities and are complex For a lossless line; When dealing with high frequencies or surges normally the losses are neglected and the characteristic impedance becomes surge impedance. Due to large capacitance and lower inductance in the cables the surge impedance values can be very low. For = = the real part of propagation constant () is called the attenuation constant , while the imaginary part is called the phase constant . Eq 2.11 can be written as 2.23 The first term in the above expression is called incident voltage wave and its value increases as x is increased. Since receiving end is our reference end and as x increases the value of voltage increases meaning the magnitude of voltage decreases as it travel towards the receiving end. Thats why the first part of expression is called incident voltage and the second is called reflected voltage for the similar reason. Same can be said about the current expression as well. Voltage and current expressions can be rearranged as below 2.24 And for current 2.25 For , and 2.26 2.27 The above derived quantities are related by the general equations 2.28 2.29 Where are such that Compairing the coefficients of above expression with eq 2.28 and 2.29 From this it is clear that 2.3.1-Equivalent representation: Considering the same two terminal condition with sending and receiving end voltage and current, the network can be represented as figure below. From the above network we can derive the following expressions 2.30 2.31 By comparing eq 2.30 and 2.31 with eq 2.26 and 2.27 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.35 From eq 2.33 we can derive We can conclude from this that to get the series impedance should be multiplied with . Now to get the shunt arm of equivalent circuit we substitute in eq 2.32 Here is the total shunt admittance. So to get the total shunt arm of the equivalent th eshunt arm of the nominal should be multiplied with , so the equivalent circuit can be drawn as below. 2.3.2 Equivalent representation of long line: A similar derivation of equivalent circuit can be, the equivalent circuit can be represented as Figure below. By analyzing the circuit following expression can be extracted 2.36 2.37 Comparing eq 2.36, 2.37 with 2.26, 2.27. 2.38 2.39 2.40 2.41 Now using eq 2.40 for shunt branch of equivalent circuit we get, Therefore its evident that to get the shunt branch of equivalent circuit, we have to multiply with the shunt branch of nominal circuit. For series impedance eq 2.40 is substituted in eq 2.38, which gives So here we get the factor for multiplication with nominal circuit to get equivalent circuit impedance. And the resultant circuit can be drawn as figure below. 2.4-Fundamental requirements in ac power transmission: Bulk transmission of electrical power by ac in possible only if the following two fundamental requirements are satisfied. Major synchronous machines must remain stable in synchronism: The major synchronous machines in a transmission system are the generators which are incapable of operating usefully other than in synchronism with all the others. And this also is the fundamental of stability. Voltages must be kept near to their rated values: The second main requirement in ac transmission is the maintenance of correct voltage levels. Power systems are not inherently tolerant of abnormal voltages even for short periods. Undervoltage: this is generally associated with heavy loading and/or shortage of generation, causes degradation in the performance of loads. In heavy loaded systems, undervoltage may be an indication that the load is approaching the steady state stability limit. Sudden undervoltages can result from the connection of very large loads. Over voltages: this is a dangerous condition because of the risk of flashover or the breakdown of insulation. Over voltages arise from several causes. The reduction of load during certain parts of the daily load cycle causes a gradual voltage rise. Uncontrolled, this overvoltage would shorten the useful life of insulation even if the breakdown level were not reached. Sudden overvoltage can result from the disconnection of loads or other equipment, while overvoltages of extreme rapidly and severity can be caused by the line switching operation, faults and lightning. In the long transmission line this would limit the power transfer and the transmission distance if no compensating measures were taken. Chapter 3 compensated/uncompensated lines 3.1-Charging current in lines: Despite being able to avoid wire resistance through the use of superconductors in this thought experiment, we cannot eliminate capacitance along the wires lengths. Any pair of conductors separated by an insulating medium creates capacitance between those conductors: (Figure ) Voltage applied between two conductors creates an electric field between those conductors. Energy is stored in this electric field, and this storage of energy results in an opposition to change in voltage. The reaction of a capacitance against changes in voltage is described by the equation i = C(de/dt), which tells us that current will be drawn proportional to the voltages rate of change over time. Thus, when the switch is closed, the capacitance between conductors will react against the sudden voltage increase by charging up and drawing current from the source. According to the equation, an instant rise in applied voltage (as produced by perfect switch closure) gives rise to an infinite charging current. However, the current drawn by a pair of parallel wires will not be infinite, because there exists series impedance along the wires due to inductance. (Figure below) Remember that current through any conductor develops a magnetic field of proportional magnitude. Energy is stored in this magnetic field, (Figure below) and this storage of energy results in an opposition to change in current. Each wire develops a magnetic field as it carries charging current for the capacitance between the wires, and in so doing drops voltage according to the inductance equation e = L(di/dt). This voltage drop limits the voltage rate-of-change across the distributed capacitance, preventing the current from ever reaching an infinite magnitude: Equivalent circuit showing stray capacitance and inductance. The effect of capacitance of an overhead transmission line above 160km long is taken into consideration for all calculations. The effect of the line capacitance is to produce a current called charging current. This current will be in quadrate of the applied voltage. It flows through the line even if the receiving end is open-circuited. The charging current of the open circuit line is referred to as the amount of current flowing into the line from sending end to receiving end where there is no load. In many cases, the total charging current of the line is determined by multiplying the total admittance of the line by the receiving end of the voltage. This would be correct if the entire length of line has the same voltage as that of receiving end voltage. However this method of finding the charging current is sufficiently accurate for most lines. The actual value of the charging current will decrease uniformly from its maximum value at sending end to the minimum value at receiving end. Due to the charging current, there will be power loss in the line even the line is open circuited. 3.2-Surge Impedance Loading (sil pdf) As power flows along a transmission line, there is an electrical phase shift, which increases with distance and with power flow. As this phase shift increases, the system in which the line is embedded can become increasingly unstable during electrical disturbances. Typically, for very long lines, the power flow must be limited to what is commonly called the Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) of the line. (dr) or SIL is defined as the amount of power delivered by a lossless transmission line when terminated by a load resistance equal to surge or characteristics impedance. Surge Impedance Loading is equal to the product of the end bus voltages divided by the characteristic impedance of the line. Since the characteristic impedance of various HV and EHV lines is not dissimilar, the SIL depends approximately on the square of system voltage. A transmission line loaded to its surge impedance loading: (i) Has no net reactive power flow into or out of the line, and (ii) Will have approximately a flat voltage profile along its length. (dr) with load at the receiving end equal to SIL. Volts (3.1) It is clear from the equation that voltage magnitude at any point along the transmission line is constant with the magnitude equal to the receiving end voltage. Also, at SIL the general expression for current can be rewritten as . Amperes (3.2) Using (3.1) and (3.2), the complex power flowing at any point along the transmission line can be calculated as. (3.3) Hence, the amount of real power flowing along a lossless transmission line loaded at SIL is constant as expected. Also, noticed that the reactive power flowing in the line is zero. This point is crucial in understanding the phenomenon called Ferranti effect. When the line is terminated at SIL the net reactive power needed to deliver the real power by keeping the voltage constant is zero. In other words, the reactive power internally produced by shunt capacitance is just sufficient to fulfill reactive power required. However, when the loading conditions change from SIL or moderate loading to light load to heavy load, there will be imbalance in reactive power required to transmit the real power. In the absence of devices to control and compensate for reactive power, situation could result in lack or surplus of reactive power. Hence, create a low or high voltage profile, respectively in the receiving end of the transmission line. Typically, stability limits may determine the maximum allowable power flow on lines that are more than 160 km in length. For very long lines, the power flow limitation may be less than the SIL as shown in Table 0-1. Stability limits on power flow can be as low as 20% of the line thermal limit. Typical stability limits as a function of system voltage are given in table below: 3.3-The uncompensated line on open circuit: tjmiller The lossless line that is energized by the generators at the sending end and is open circuited at the receiving end is described by following equation with . 3.4 And 3.5 Voltage and current at the sending end can be given as 3.6 3.7 and are in phase, which is in consistent , with the fact that there is no power transfer. The phasor diagram shown in the figure. The voltage and current profiles in equation 1 and 2 are more conveniently expressed in terms of . 3.8 Phasor diagram of uncompensated line on open-circuit Voltage and current profile at no load condition. The general form of these profiles shown in fig 3.5 above. For a line 300km in the length at 50Hz, 3600 60 per 100km, so à °Ã‚ Ã…“ ½=6*3=180. Then and based on the SIL. The voltage rise on open circuit is called Ferranti Effect. Although the voltage rise of 5% seems small, the charging current is appreciable and in such a line it must all be supplied by the generator, which is forced to run at leading power factor, for which it must be underexcited. The reactive power absorption capability of a synchronous machine is limited for two main reasons The heating of the ends of the stator core increases during the under excited operation. The reduced field currents results in reduced internal emf of the machine and this weakens the stability. Note that a line for which à °Ã‚ Ã…“ ½=à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¼=à °Ã‚ Ã…“†¹/2 has a length of ÃŽÂ »/4 (one quarter length wavelength, i.e, 1500km at 50Hz) producing an infinite voltage rise. Operation of any line approaching this length is completely impractical without some means of compensation. In case of the sudden open-circuit of the line at the receiving end, the sending end voltage tends to rise immediately to open-circuit voltage of the sending end generators, which exceeds the terminal voltage by approximately the voltage drop due to the prior current flowing in their short circuit reactances. 3.4-Compensated transmission lines: Reactive power compensation means the application of reactive devices To produce a substantially flat voltage profile at all levels of power transmission. To improve stability by increasing the maximum transmissible power, and/or To supply the reactive power requirements in the most economical way. Ideally the compensation would modify the surge impedance by modifying the capacitive and/or inductive reactances of the line, so as to produce a virtual surge impedance loading that was always equal to the actual power being transmitted. Yet this is not sufficient to ensure the stability of the transmission, which depends also on the electrical line length. The electrical length can itself be modified by the compensation to have a virtual à °Ã‚ Ã…“ ½shorter than the uncompensated value, resulting in an increase in the steady state stability limit This consideration suggests two broad classification scheme, Surge impedance compensation and line length compensation. Line length compensation in particular is associated with series capacitors used in long distance transmission. Another compensation is called compensation by sectioning, which is achieved by connecting constant voltage compensators at intervals along the line. The maximum transmissible power is that of the weakest section but since this is necessarily shorter than the whole line, an increase in maximum power and , therefore , in stability can expected. 3.4.1-Passive and active compensators: Passive compensators include shunt reactors and capacitors and series capacitors. They modify the inductance and capacitance of the line. Apart from the switching, they are uncontrolled and incapable of continuous variation. For example, shunt reactors are used to compensate the line capacitance to limit voltage rise at the light load or no load condition. They increase the virtual surge impedance and reduce the virtual natural load Shunt capacitor may be used to augment the capacitance of the line under heavy loading. They generate reactive power which tend to boost the voltage. They reduce the virtual surge impedance and increase . Series capacitors are used for line length compensation. A measure of surge impedance compensation may be necessary in conjunction with series capacitors, and this may be provided by shunt reactors or by a dynamic compensator. Active compensators are usually shunt connected devices which have the property of tending to maintain a substantially constant voltage at their terminals. They do this by generating or absorbing precisely the required amount of corrective reactive power in response to any small variation of voltage at their point of connection. They are usually capable of continuous variation and rapid response. Active compensators may be applied either for surge impedance compensation or for compensation by sectioning. In compensation they are capable of all the functions performed by fixed shunt reactors and capacitors and have additional advantages of continuous variability with rapid response. Compensation by sectioning is fundamentally different in that it is possible only with active compensators, which must be capable of virtually immediate response to the smallest variation in power transmission or voltage. The table below summarizes the classification of the main type of compensators according to their usual functions. 3.4.2-Shunt compensation: Shunt reactors are used to limit the voltage rise at the light load or no load conditions. On long transmission they may be distributed at intermediate substations in shown in figure below voltage and current profile of shunt compensated system at no load. Consider the simple circuit above in figure, it has a single shunt reactor of reactance at the receiving end and a pure voltage source at the sending end. The receiving end voltage can be given as 3.9 3.10 Equation 7 shows that and are in phase, in keeping with the fact that the real power is zero. For receiving end voltage to be equal to sending end voltage , must be given by 3.11 The sending end current can be given as 3.12 using equation 3.9 and 3.11 3.13 Since , this means that the generator at the sending end behaves exactly like the shunt reactor at the receiving end in that both absorb the same amount of reactive which is evident from equation below. 3.14 Chapter 4 Ferrenti effect 4.1 Ferranti effect: A long transmission line draws a substantial quantity of charging current. If such a line is open circuited or very lightly loaded at the receiving end, the voltage at receiving end may become greater than voltage at sending end. This is known as Ferranti Effect and is due to the voltage drop across the line inductance (due to charging current) being in phase with the sending end voltages. Therefore both capacitance and inductance is responsible to produce this phenomenon. Another way of explaining Ferranti effect is based on net reactive power flow in the line. It is known that if the net reactive power generated in lie is more than the reactive power absorbed, the voltage at that point in the line becomes higher than the normal value and vice versa. The inductive reactance behaves like a sink in the line whereas the shunt capacitance generates the reactive power. If the line loading corresponds to the surge impedance loading, the voltage is same everywhere as reactive power absorbed in the line is equal to the reactive power generated. If the loading is less than SIL, generated power is more than generated power absorbed, therefore, the receiving end voltage is higher than sending end voltage. The capacitance (and charging current) is negligible in short line but significant in medium line and appreciable in long line. Therefore this phenomenon occurs in medium and long lines. Represent line by equivalent model. And the vector diagram can be given as OM = receiving end voltage Vr OC = Current drawn by capacitance = Ic MN = Resistance drop NP = Inductive reactance drop Therefore; OP = Sending end voltage at no load and is less than receiving end voltage (Vr) Since, resistance is small compared to reactance; resistance can be neglected in calculating Ferranti effect. From model, For open circuit, no load, There fore Or Or By neglecting resistance The quantity is constant in all line and is equal to velocity of propagation of electromagnetic waves (= 3 ÃÆ'- 102 km/sec) By substituting the values in the above derived equation And And finally From the above equation So or Receiving end voltage is greater than sending end voltage and this effect is called Ferranti Effect . 5.1, fig 4.10,4.6,4.4,4.2,4.1,3.5,3.4,2.1 Chapter 5 results and discussion Results and discussions: To simulate for my analysis, a radial system in the following figure was modeled as test system. Practical industrial data was acquired from Queensland Electric Commission which follows the Australian standard for conductors and enforces the transmission and distribution company to follow the standards. This acquisition was important to incorporate for more realistic analysis and observe the phenomenon as it is appeared in the real life transmission systems. Conductor types for the simulation were chosen from the provided list