Impact of advertisments on consumer free essay sample

Introduction: Being part of marketing process, advertising is nowadays rampant in every organization. In order for an organization to be successful, major chunks of their capital have to be invested in making advertisements. No company can become a market leader if they do not invest a lot in their promotion (Hussainy et al., 2008). The fact cannot be denied of advertising, being taken as another effective approach towards gaining competitive advantage. Media and papers are flooded with numerous advertising concepts about its essential role in creating the image of the product in the mind of consumers. The fact remains that advertising is one best approach among all marketing efforts (Katke, 2007). Marketing is used to make customers aware of your products and services and is a promotional tool. This tool is used for the need to communicate end users. History shows that different symbols were used for the awareness and promotion of products but its different in the modern world . We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of advertisments on consumer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It has been found that applying marketing and its strategies result not only in gaining consumers trust but also, the organization enjoys advantages of market share. Before actually advertising their advertisements, marketers must need to have a know how about the buying behavior of customers for having positive impact on their target audience. The aim of analyzing consumer behavior is to know about those factors which influence customers in specific situations for example in monetary aspect (Ayanwale et al., 2005). It is therefore important on part of the marketer to understand the needs of consumers, their target audience, likes and dislikes of consumers and time slot for which the advertisement will be on aired, while creating any advertisement. Advertisements must be attractive enough to let consumer not only identify the product but also retain it in their mind. The advertisements have an impact on thought, assessment and purchases (Romaniuk and Sharp, 2004). It is not important that if any consumer watches any advertisement he will go and buy it immediately but what actually important is that the consumer definitely considers that brand before purchasing the product. Advertising does the role of reminding consumers of the brand as it is only through advertisements that the consumers are able to connect with the organization.  Hierarchy-of-effects model says that affect of advertising results in the recognition of brand and the advertisement, which results in formation of attitude towards the advertisement and brand ultimately leading to buying decision (Mendelson and Bolls, 2002). Effect of advertising on consumers according to Will Rogers: â€Å"Advertising is the art of convincing people to spend money they don’t have for something they don’t need† Objective of our research: The purpose of this study is to understand the impact of advertisement on consumer brand choices. The result of this study will be addition of new information in our current marketing knowledge. Literature review: For achieving success, organizations nowadays, search for number of options. In order to gain competitive advantage companies are not only using research and development but are also training people and using various technologies. In order to keep the loyalty of the consumer, organizations view simple marketing concept as a valuable approach. Advertising is therefore thought to be the leading weapon to beat competitors in the modern world. Advertisements: Philip Kotler (1988) views Advertising as: â€Å"It consist of non personal form of communication conducted through paid media under clear sponsorship† Advertising acts as a link between a person who has something to offer and the other one who buys it. It also helps sellers reach customers with the information which ought to be provided (Sakren, 1990). Advertising gives the knowledge about the product and develops ideas about the product in consumers mind (Morden, 1991).Both the authors are therefore of the view that Advertisement is a major source for consumer to get detailed information about the product but it is not necessary that every product needs to get advertised , as is the case with many such products like Mercedes, Rolls Royce, who have sufficient confidence that consumers are well aware of their products. Advertising has influenced our lives since its beginning and has had always been a great influence on the buying patterns of the consumers (Wright, Warner winter, 1971; Wells, Burnett Moriarty 1995; Ju gneheimer Whiet 1980). Advertising  aims towards maintaining positive response towards advertisement and the brand till customer buys that product and through this constructive response developing an emotional attitude in consumers mind. Advertisements should be aimed to develop a positive feeling because positive feelings towards advertisement help customers in remembering the product in contrast with those advertisements creating negative feelings. (Goldsmith and Lafferty,2002) .Positive feeling about the product may attract the consumer once but if it’s inferior quality disappoints him ,no matter how much positive feeling there is for the ad ,consumer won’t buy the product again. Therefore, for long term relationship, effective advertisement and good quality should move side by side. Advertising aims at building satisfaction in consumers’ minds. It makes consumers aware of their needs and wants and through that, present them with the available products which would satisfy them, tell them ways of how to spend their money and leave it on their will to buy or not buy the offer (Kotler, 1993).Kotler has been clear in defining the responsibility of marketing team to provide accurate and detailed information in a catchy way and make consumers realize that this is what they want. Consumer buying behavior: Research claims that personality is a key factor effecting consumer buying behavior. (Engel, Blackwell Miniard, 1986). . The audience must get what the advertiser has in his mind. This would prove the advertisement to be a success and would lead the consumer in buying a product (Clow Back, 2002). Arens (1996) comments about advertisements to be extremely informative as they inform the customers about the features and attributes of product which ultimately results in the formation of rational brand preference of consumer toward the product. Advertisers’ foremost aim is to reach their target audience in order to attract them in lieu of which they spend a lot of money. To achieve this goal marketers need to understand consumer behavior which involves understanding all the mental and emotional processes of the people who buy goods and services to fulfill their needs and wants. Understanding Consumer buying behavior is a key towards a successful advertisement campaign as has been well said by Arens. Understanding the consumer buying behavior would involve a deep study of consumer psychological processes and the eight stages of their buying decision  process. Goldsmith and Lafferty (2002) illustrate that consumers will purchase the product only when they watch an advertisement and develop a likeness for it. Caciappo, Haughtveat and Petty (1992) point out that consumers not only themselves get influenced by the advertisements but also they have an impact on their friends , spouse and relatives. Goldsmith and lafferty, unlike Caciappo, Haughtveat et al. believe that advertisements are the only source to get information about the product . In contrast, the other three also support word of mouth acquired from friend and relatives. Rook (1987) aptly describe consumers’ buying decisions are solely based on ease rather than ways that are most favorable and they intend to find ways that would be easier rather than complications of buying process. Effects of advertising on buying behavior: Russell and Lane (1996) observe that numerous organizations believe advertisements to be a magic as they modify consumer behavior about the product in the market. Marketing activities affect consumer behavior both internally and externally. Consumers’ perceptions are strongly influenced by their continuous disclosure to advertisements (Bergh, Bruce Katz, 1999). Advertising has great affects on the buying decisions of the customers. They affect consumers’ knowledge by giving out information and portraying personality and life style of consumers (David, 2001). Another source tells us that Radio commercials play an important part in affecting listeners’ interest on products and Services (Rajagopal, 2011) .However in current times we see that radio advertisements prove not to be that effective as this media is not exposed to much of the consumers. According to the above school of thoughts, advertisements provide information which may be of use for the end users, but in actual they only provide that portion of information which somehow benefits them and the rest of it remains hidden. Advertisements as an effective emotional influencer: Hsu and Mo, (2009) found this out, that when involvement was increased, consumers’ attention towards the advertisements that were related to the products’, also increased. There is a positive relation between frequency of advertisements shown and emotional responses of consumers (Bezijian et al., 2008) .In contrast Brassington and Pettitt, (2001) views are: For the  consumer to develop an emotional response towards the product it is important that the advertising is equally emotional. According to Carrigan and Attala (2001), advertisements that are made in accordance with the social and environmental conditions result in the increase of buyers’ demand for products. Advertisements may act as a stimulus for consumers who may or may not purchase the product in response to it. Stimulus could be either the four P’s that is product, price, place or promotion or it could be economical, technological etc. buyers may also have an internal stimulus which might be occupation, personality etc. All these stimuli have great effects on consumers’ buying decisions (Kollat and Willett, 1967). It has been rightly viewed by Kollat and Willett that economic and technological conditions do have an impact on buying decisions of consumers. For instance, the new technology has left behind with it, radio and news paper. As from the economic perspective, we see that consumers nowadays do not respond to tourism advertisement because due to current recession people cannot afford such leisure activities. Advertisements may not always result in the purchase of a certain product for instance, a viewer might watch the advertisement and make a decision not to buy a snowmobile but rather learn from the advertisement that snowmobile is a fun thing to do and is a socially approved amusement.(Anonoymus,1978). This might not result in the purchase of snowmobile by himself but his positive word of mouth may get others to buy the product. Negative approach of advertisers: A report suggests that various advertising methods including behavioural advertising, profiling, geolocalization, mobile phone advertisements and various other advertisements on social networking sites are an ‘ATTACK’ on the privacy of consumers unless consumers have consented to on it. (Anonymous, 2010). This phenomenon is observed in the current times as many private companies buy highly confidential information(mobile numbers, addresses) in return for little amount of money from banks or cellular companies. The purpose of television product advertisements is to induce a purchase. But, in thirty seconds of sight and sound, each advertisement conveys numerous messages which may extend far beyond the product impacting moral values and wishes of one’s’ society. Some may even mislead on vital purchasing decisions. (Anonoymus, 1978). This view carries weight as it can  be clearly observed in Pakistani Detergent advertisements which are encouraging children to get themselves muddy by portraying that dirt is good. How advertisements make audience develop inferiority complex: A recent study has found out that advertisers’ use of extra ordinarily attractive males and females in their ads make women and men alike feel inferior and old for which they try hard to look and appear as good as those portrayed in the magazines and ads. This greatly affects their buying patterns (Hawkins, Best, Coney 1998). The above thoughts are utterly in compliance with the current times. Nowadays, people not only observe the models using the specific product in the advertisement but they actually believe that their lives can be revolutionized by using that product which sometimes adversely affects their mental and family status. Effective advertisements are: Belch Belch (1998) illustrate that advertisements that are effectively communicated, guide the customer in the direction of the purchasing of brand. Bucklin, Randolph and Lattin (1991) claim that good brand advertisements attract customers who then as a result do their shopping in accordance with these brand advertisements. The effective advertising campaign of leading retail companies show that advertisements produce sizeable excitement among consumers and increase volume of sales.(Rajagopal, 2011) Advertising encourages people to purchase things and hence contribute towards creating awareness ( Bijmolt et al., 1998).

Phoneme Definition and Examples in English

Phoneme Definition and Examples in English In linguistics, a phoneme is the smallest sound unit in a language that is capable of conveying a distinct meaning, such as the s of sing and the r of ring. Adjective: phonemic. Phonemes are language-specific. In other words, phonemes that are functionally distinct in English (for example, /b/ and /p/) may not be so in another language.  (Phonemes are customarily written between slashes, thus /b/ and /p/.) Different languages have different phonemes. Etymology: From the Greek, sound Pronunciation: FO-neem Examples and Observations The central concept in phonology is the phoneme, which is a distinctive category of sounds that all the native speakers of a language or dialect perceive as more or less the same...[A]lthough the two [k] sounds in kicked are not identical- the first one is pronounced with more aspiration than the second- they are heard as two instances of [k] nonetheless...Since phonemes are categories rather than actual sounds, they are not tangible things; instead, they are abstract, theoretical types or groups that are only psychologically real. (In other words, we cannot hear phonemes, but we assume they exist because of how the sounds in languages pattern as they are used by speakers.) (Thomas E. Murray, The Structure of English:  Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology. Allyn and Bacon,  1995)Two points need to be stressed: (1) the most important property of a phoneme is that it contrasts with the other phonemes in the system, and hence (2) we can only speak of the phoneme of some particular speec h variety (a particular accent of a particular language). Languages differ in the number of phonemes they distinguish...but every valid word in every language necessarily consists of some permissible sequence of that languages phonemes. (R.L. Trask,  A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology. Routledge, 2004) An Alphabetical Analogy: Phonemes and Allophones The concepts of phoneme and allophone become clearer by analogy with the letters of the alphabet. We recognize that a symbol is a despite considerable variations in size, colour, and (to a certain extent) shape. The representation of the letter a is affected in handwriting by the preceding or following letters to which it is joined. Writers may form the letter idiosyncratically and may vary their writing according to whether they are tired or in a hurry or nervous. The variants in the visual representations are analogous to the allophones of a phoneme, and what is distinctive in contrast to other alphabetic letters is analogous to the phoneme. (Sidney Greenbaum, The Oxford English Grammar. Oxford University Press, 1996) Differences Between Members of a Phoneme We cannot rely on the spelling to tell us whether two sounds are members of different phonemes. For example...the words key and car begin with what we can regard as the same sound, despite the fact that one is spelled with the letter k and the other with c. But in this case, the two sounds are not exactly the same...If you whisper just the first consonants in these two words, you can probably hear the difference, and you may be able to feel that your tongue touches the roof of the mouth in a different place for each word. This example shows that there may be very subtle differences between members of a phoneme. The sounds at the beginning of key and car are slightly different, but it is not a difference that changes the meaning of a word in English. They are both members of the same phoneme. (Peter Ladefoged and Keith Johnson, A Course in Phonetics, 6th ed. Wadsworth, 2011)

What Exactly do Group Workers Do and What do Their Groups Seek to Coursework

What Exactly do Group Workers Do and What do Their Groups Seek to Achieve - Coursework Example However, with the advent of organizational set up in the twentieth century, both private and public companies encouraged teamwork for achieving the technical output as it demanded more scientific inquiry compared to yesteryears (Gerald Corey, 2007). This necessitated us to recruit more people for combined work or group work. Hence it is high time to analyze the desirable attributes of group workers for achieving success. The group workers are initially trained before taking up their main task in the areas of organizational skills, teamwork and coordination (Irvin D Yalom and Molyn Leszch, 2005). They will be made aware of the necessity of understanding the group requirements. The group worker would certainly understand the time frame and nature of his responsibility as part of the whole team (Gerald Corey, 2004). He would be assigned short-term targets and evaluation would be made at certain time intervals to assess his performance rate. The evaluation would also be made to ascertain whether his individual contribution is in proportion to the group requirement or not? At times, the group size may be very large and enhance there is need to divide it into subgroups. While making subgroups, some flexibility is to be given to select the subgroup. Of course, the care should be taken to ensure that the subgroup involves the homogenous mixture of persons from different specializations to look after the main technical work. To make it more specific, I would like to share my practical experience with working n some non-government or voluntary organizations. Voluntary organizations in which I had association work mainly for rural development. They aim at organizing the farmers and other rural poor for achieving higher net income by higher agricultural productivity.

Resersal of fortune by Patrick R. Keefe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Resersal of fortune by Patrick R. Keefe - Essay Example Whereas a discussion of the legal engagement and litigation would have been a none too interesting approach, the author instead able to utilize foreshadowing, a representation of the back story and flash forwarding as a means of engaging interest and promoting the action itself where it might otherwise be a boring or ignored. As a function of this particular level of analysis, the author will discuss some of the core strengths and weaknesses of the article in question, â€Å"Reversal of Fortune†, as well as analyzing what aspects could have made the story more effective and powerful to the reader. Similarly, the author also utilizes rhetorical mode and arrangement as a way of highlighting the argument. Ultimately, many critics of this particular article may point to its excessive length as a primary shortfall with regards the interest of the reader might share. However, this link is only the result of the fact that the writer takes a nuanced and differentiated view of the subject matter at hand. Rather than merely delving into the issue and explain both sides, the representation of the back story and a firm and thorough discussion of the data that supports the case is represented. Furthermore, by arranging the topic in terms of a simulant to the way in which a defendant and a prosecution might operate, the author is able to represent the manner through which the case itself is indicative of the lawsuit and legal entanglements that are so effective in understanding what actually occurred. By allowing the reader to make a determination for themselves, rather than for speeding f acts and opinions, the author is able to present a nuanced case that can be understood and appreciated by all individuals that reader; regardless of their political or socioeconomic affiliation/understanding of South American politics and the means

Illustrate and discuss with examples the law of diminishing returns Essay

Illustrate and discuss with examples the law of diminishing returns - Essay Example Cannan (1981) says that while the great British economist Malthus has been given a large part of the credit for discovering this law, it was Turgot who actually considered it in its application to the field of agriculture. Turgot writes that: â€Å"Where ordinary good cultivation prevails, the annual advances bring in 250 to the hundred, it is more than probable that if the advances were increased by degrees from this point up to that at which they would bring in nothing, each increment would be less and less fruitful (Cannan, 1981, Pg. 74)†. The law of diminishing returns was likened by Turgot to a spring which is forced to stretch due to the load of weights on it. As more and more weights are added to the spring, the relative extension starts decreasing until there comes a point where no further extension can be made to the spring (Cannan, 1981). The ideas given by Turgot can be simplified by using his own agricultural example but giving it a more modern complexion. For instance, given that we know that x amount of seed in one hectare of land would produce 3y of crop, we could assume that doubling the amount of seed would produce 2(3y) of crop i.e. 6y, if everything else remains the same. However, once the amount of seed is doubled, the output crop may not be exactly double and we could end up with a crop which is equal to 4y or 5y. If the amount of seed was further increased to 3x the returning crop amount could be 4.5 y or even less. In this manner, the marginal return from each additional unit of seed would become lesser and lesser until the marginal result would become close to zero. Even though it was Turgot who suggested the ideas behind this law of economics, Malthus popularized the concept with his Essay on the Principle of Population which was published in 1798 and discussed many different economic concepts (Cannan,

The Ferranti Effect

The Ferranti Effect As the length of the line increases specially in extra high voltage (EHV) lines, beyond 200km, we observe a phenomenon called Ferranti Effect in no load or low load conditions. This is due to the fact that as the line length increases the capacitance of the line increases, and the shunt capacitance generates the reactive power in the line. Since there is no load or low load to consume that excessive power, this results in excessive reactive power in the line and hence the receiving end voltage gets higher than the sending end voltage. This rise in voltage may well go beyond the operative ratings of the terminal and hence might give rise to many cascading events damaging the equipments. The continuous increase of the voltage of transmission, line length and number of sub-conductors per bundle has emphasized the importance of the excessive line MVAR in EHV systems as well as associated voltage and reactive controls. During the line charging volt-amperes of the line which have exceeded the inductive VARs consumed and operation at light loads, there is an undesirable voltage rises along the line. This voltage rise in turn demands a much higher insulation level, which poses a great problem. Moreover, if the insulation against these over-voltages were to be provided in the system, then the cost of the line becomes enormous. To overcome this phenomenon, shunt reactors are required to be installed at optimized location to absorb the excessive reactive power. Though this solution has a financial cost, but this is inevitable, since the load is a random variable and the generation of the power cannot be exactly planned for sudden tripping off of the loads. Aims and objectives: The aim of this thesis project is to investigate the Ferranti effect for long length transmission lines using PowerWorld simulations on a radial system. The following are the key objectives covered in this project. Impact by varying Line lengths: Investigate the system behavior regarding Ferranti effect with different transmission line lengths. This was done by investigating the profile of the effect for long length lines and hence distributed models were considered for this analysis. 2-Impact by varying loading levels: Since Ferranti effect is the phenomenon where receiving end voltage (Loads) is lower than sending end, it was important to look into the loading factor by varying the loading levels for different line lengths. 3- Investigation for optimum load levels to avoid effect: A series of experiments were done to find the minimum values of load required for varied line lengths in order to avoid Ferranti Effect and to contain the terminal voltage near 1p.u. 4- Minimum ratings for reactors for compensation: With a varied number of simulations and experiments, the minimum ratings of required reactors have been realized in order to maintain optimized terminal ratings at receiving end. Scope of thesis: This thesis will commence with an overview of the problems encountered with EHV long transmission line. This would be followed up by a literature review that covers the research of useful background theories. The result from the performed simulations will be discussed in detail. Finally, some recommendation for future works in this area of research. Chapter 2. INTRODUCTION TO TXN LINES: The electric lines which are used to carry electric waves are called transmission lines. The transmission line parameters like inductance and capacitance are not separable unlike the lumped circuits. The transmission parameters are distributed all along the length of the transmission line. Hence the method of analyzing the transmission lines is different from analyzing the lumped circuits. In the analysis of the transmission line, only steady state currents and voltages are concerned. The analysis includes the measurement of current and voltages at any length of the line, when a known voltage is applied at one end of the transmission line. The end at which the voltages are applied is called sending end and the end at which the signals are received is called receiving end of the transmission line. 2.1-transmission line parameters: For the analysis and design of transmission lines, it is important to have knowledge of electric circuit parameters, associated with the transmission lines. Various electric parameters associated with the transmission lines are as below, 1-Resistance: Depending upon the cross sectional area of the conductors, the transmission lines has resistance associated with them. The resistance is uniformly distributed all along the transmission line. Its total value depends upon the total length of the transmission line. Hence its value is given per unit length of the transmission line. It is denoted as R and is given in ohms per unit length. 2- Inductance: When the conductors carry the current, the magnetic flux is produced around the conductors. It depends upon the magnitude of the current flowing throw the conductors. The flux linkages per ampere of the current, gives rise to the effect called inductance of the transmission line. It is also distributed all along the length of the transmission line. It is denoted as L and measured in Henry per unit length of the transmission line. 3- Capacitance: The transmission lines consist of two parallel conductors or single line w.r.t earth separated by dielectric like air. Such conductors separated by an insulating dielectric produce a capacitive effect. Due to this, there exists a capacitance associated with the transmission line which is also distributed all along the length of the conductor. It is denoted as C and measured in Farads per unit length of the transmission line. 4- Conductance: The dielectric between the conductors is not perfect. Hence a very small amount of current flows through the dielectric called displacement current. This is nothing but leakage current and this gives rise to the leakage conductance associated with the transmission line. It exists between the conductors and is distributed all along the transmission line. It is denoted as G and measured as mho per unit length of the line. Thus the four important parameters of the transmission line are R, L, C and G. as the current flows from one conductor and complete the path through other conductor, the resistance of both the wires is included when specifying the resistance per unit length of the line. These line parameters are constant and are called the primary constants of the transmission line. Revisit snaps(4-16(1)) 2.2-performance equation of long transmission line: kundar book We can analyze the performance of the line on per phase basis. The relationship between current and voltage along the one phase of the line in terms of distributed parameters can be seen in the FIG below = series impedance per unit length/phase. = shunt admittance per unit length/phase. = length of the line. The voltages and current in the figure are the phasors representing sinusoidal time varying quantities. For a differential section of the line of length at a distance from receiving end, the differential voltage can be given as . hence (2.1) The differential current flowing through shunt admittance can be given as Similarly (2.2) Differentiating eq 1 and 2 yeilds (2.3) and (2.4) Now for the general equation for voltage and current at distance x from receiving end, if the receiving end voltage and current are known, can be given as (2.5) (2.6) Whereas this is called characteristic impedance. and = = this is called propagation constant. The constant and are complex quantities. The real part of propagation constant () is called the attenuation constant , while the imaginary part is called the phase constant . Now the first term in eq.5 increase in magnitude and advances in phase as the distance increases. This term is called incident voltage. While the second term in eq.5 decreases in magnitude and distorts in phase from receiving end towards sending end, this term is called reflected voltage. At any point along the line the voltage is the sum of incident and reflected voltage. The same is true for eq.6 . If a line is terminated at its characteristic impedance , then there is no reflected voltage and the line is called a flat line or infinite line. For a typical power line, G is practically zero and R Zc = = (2.7) = = (2.8) If losses are completely neglected the is a real number and is an imaginary number. Similarly for a lossless line eq.5 and 6 can be simplified as (2.9) (2.10) The voltage and current vary harmonically along the line length. A full cycle of voltage and current along the line length corresponds to 2 radians. If is the phase shift in radians per meter, the wavelength in meters is (2.11) 2.3-Equivalent circuit representation of long transmission line: A line with length more than 160km is considered a long transmission line and the parameters are assumed to be distributed uniformly along the line as a result of which the currents and voltages would vary from point to point. Let us consider the figure below series impedance per unit length shunt admittance per unit length length of the line total series impedance total shunt admittance The elemental equivalent of the above figure can be redrawn as follows. For analysis purpose we take receiving end as reference for measuring the distance. Assume we have an elemental length at the distance of x from the receiving end. If the voltage and current at distance x are and, so at the distance of so the voltage and current becomes + and + respectively. 2.12 By manipulating above equations Similarly 2.13 With above can be written as 2.14 And 2.15 By differentiating eq 2.14 2.16 The solution of eq 2.16 is 2.17 From eq 2.14 and 2.16 2.18 Where is the characteristic impedance and is the propagation constant. Eq 2.17 and 2.18 can be written as 2.19 2.20 If receiving end voltage and current are known then Substituting above values in eq 8 and 9 Again substituting values of A and B in eq 2.19 and 2.20 2.21 2.22 Since and are the voltage and current at any point distance x from receiving end as evident from expression and (magnitude and phase) are functions of distance , receiving end voltage and receiving end current , which means that they vary as we move from receiving end towards sending end. Now the quantities and are complex For a lossless line; When dealing with high frequencies or surges normally the losses are neglected and the characteristic impedance becomes surge impedance. Due to large capacitance and lower inductance in the cables the surge impedance values can be very low. For = = the real part of propagation constant () is called the attenuation constant , while the imaginary part is called the phase constant . Eq 2.11 can be written as 2.23 The first term in the above expression is called incident voltage wave and its value increases as x is increased. Since receiving end is our reference end and as x increases the value of voltage increases meaning the magnitude of voltage decreases as it travel towards the receiving end. Thats why the first part of expression is called incident voltage and the second is called reflected voltage for the similar reason. Same can be said about the current expression as well. Voltage and current expressions can be rearranged as below 2.24 And for current 2.25 For , and 2.26 2.27 The above derived quantities are related by the general equations 2.28 2.29 Where are such that Compairing the coefficients of above expression with eq 2.28 and 2.29 From this it is clear that 2.3.1-Equivalent representation: Considering the same two terminal condition with sending and receiving end voltage and current, the network can be represented as figure below. From the above network we can derive the following expressions 2.30 2.31 By comparing eq 2.30 and 2.31 with eq 2.26 and 2.27 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.35 From eq 2.33 we can derive We can conclude from this that to get the series impedance should be multiplied with . Now to get the shunt arm of equivalent circuit we substitute in eq 2.32 Here is the total shunt admittance. So to get the total shunt arm of the equivalent th eshunt arm of the nominal should be multiplied with , so the equivalent circuit can be drawn as below. 2.3.2 Equivalent representation of long line: A similar derivation of equivalent circuit can be, the equivalent circuit can be represented as Figure below. By analyzing the circuit following expression can be extracted 2.36 2.37 Comparing eq 2.36, 2.37 with 2.26, 2.27. 2.38 2.39 2.40 2.41 Now using eq 2.40 for shunt branch of equivalent circuit we get, Therefore its evident that to get the shunt branch of equivalent circuit, we have to multiply with the shunt branch of nominal circuit. For series impedance eq 2.40 is substituted in eq 2.38, which gives So here we get the factor for multiplication with nominal circuit to get equivalent circuit impedance. And the resultant circuit can be drawn as figure below. 2.4-Fundamental requirements in ac power transmission: Bulk transmission of electrical power by ac in possible only if the following two fundamental requirements are satisfied. Major synchronous machines must remain stable in synchronism: The major synchronous machines in a transmission system are the generators which are incapable of operating usefully other than in synchronism with all the others. And this also is the fundamental of stability. Voltages must be kept near to their rated values: The second main requirement in ac transmission is the maintenance of correct voltage levels. Power systems are not inherently tolerant of abnormal voltages even for short periods. Undervoltage: this is generally associated with heavy loading and/or shortage of generation, causes degradation in the performance of loads. In heavy loaded systems, undervoltage may be an indication that the load is approaching the steady state stability limit. Sudden undervoltages can result from the connection of very large loads. Over voltages: this is a dangerous condition because of the risk of flashover or the breakdown of insulation. Over voltages arise from several causes. The reduction of load during certain parts of the daily load cycle causes a gradual voltage rise. Uncontrolled, this overvoltage would shorten the useful life of insulation even if the breakdown level were not reached. Sudden overvoltage can result from the disconnection of loads or other equipment, while overvoltages of extreme rapidly and severity can be caused by the line switching operation, faults and lightning. In the long transmission line this would limit the power transfer and the transmission distance if no compensating measures were taken. Chapter 3 compensated/uncompensated lines 3.1-Charging current in lines: Despite being able to avoid wire resistance through the use of superconductors in this thought experiment, we cannot eliminate capacitance along the wires lengths. Any pair of conductors separated by an insulating medium creates capacitance between those conductors: (Figure ) Voltage applied between two conductors creates an electric field between those conductors. Energy is stored in this electric field, and this storage of energy results in an opposition to change in voltage. The reaction of a capacitance against changes in voltage is described by the equation i = C(de/dt), which tells us that current will be drawn proportional to the voltages rate of change over time. Thus, when the switch is closed, the capacitance between conductors will react against the sudden voltage increase by charging up and drawing current from the source. According to the equation, an instant rise in applied voltage (as produced by perfect switch closure) gives rise to an infinite charging current. However, the current drawn by a pair of parallel wires will not be infinite, because there exists series impedance along the wires due to inductance. (Figure below) Remember that current through any conductor develops a magnetic field of proportional magnitude. Energy is stored in this magnetic field, (Figure below) and this storage of energy results in an opposition to change in current. Each wire develops a magnetic field as it carries charging current for the capacitance between the wires, and in so doing drops voltage according to the inductance equation e = L(di/dt). This voltage drop limits the voltage rate-of-change across the distributed capacitance, preventing the current from ever reaching an infinite magnitude: Equivalent circuit showing stray capacitance and inductance. The effect of capacitance of an overhead transmission line above 160km long is taken into consideration for all calculations. The effect of the line capacitance is to produce a current called charging current. This current will be in quadrate of the applied voltage. It flows through the line even if the receiving end is open-circuited. The charging current of the open circuit line is referred to as the amount of current flowing into the line from sending end to receiving end where there is no load. In many cases, the total charging current of the line is determined by multiplying the total admittance of the line by the receiving end of the voltage. This would be correct if the entire length of line has the same voltage as that of receiving end voltage. However this method of finding the charging current is sufficiently accurate for most lines. The actual value of the charging current will decrease uniformly from its maximum value at sending end to the minimum value at receiving end. Due to the charging current, there will be power loss in the line even the line is open circuited. 3.2-Surge Impedance Loading (sil pdf) As power flows along a transmission line, there is an electrical phase shift, which increases with distance and with power flow. As this phase shift increases, the system in which the line is embedded can become increasingly unstable during electrical disturbances. Typically, for very long lines, the power flow must be limited to what is commonly called the Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) of the line. (dr) or SIL is defined as the amount of power delivered by a lossless transmission line when terminated by a load resistance equal to surge or characteristics impedance. Surge Impedance Loading is equal to the product of the end bus voltages divided by the characteristic impedance of the line. Since the characteristic impedance of various HV and EHV lines is not dissimilar, the SIL depends approximately on the square of system voltage. A transmission line loaded to its surge impedance loading: (i) Has no net reactive power flow into or out of the line, and (ii) Will have approximately a flat voltage profile along its length. (dr) with load at the receiving end equal to SIL. Volts (3.1) It is clear from the equation that voltage magnitude at any point along the transmission line is constant with the magnitude equal to the receiving end voltage. Also, at SIL the general expression for current can be rewritten as . Amperes (3.2) Using (3.1) and (3.2), the complex power flowing at any point along the transmission line can be calculated as. (3.3) Hence, the amount of real power flowing along a lossless transmission line loaded at SIL is constant as expected. Also, noticed that the reactive power flowing in the line is zero. This point is crucial in understanding the phenomenon called Ferranti effect. When the line is terminated at SIL the net reactive power needed to deliver the real power by keeping the voltage constant is zero. In other words, the reactive power internally produced by shunt capacitance is just sufficient to fulfill reactive power required. However, when the loading conditions change from SIL or moderate loading to light load to heavy load, there will be imbalance in reactive power required to transmit the real power. In the absence of devices to control and compensate for reactive power, situation could result in lack or surplus of reactive power. Hence, create a low or high voltage profile, respectively in the receiving end of the transmission line. Typically, stability limits may determine the maximum allowable power flow on lines that are more than 160 km in length. For very long lines, the power flow limitation may be less than the SIL as shown in Table 0-1. Stability limits on power flow can be as low as 20% of the line thermal limit. Typical stability limits as a function of system voltage are given in table below: 3.3-The uncompensated line on open circuit: tjmiller The lossless line that is energized by the generators at the sending end and is open circuited at the receiving end is described by following equation with . 3.4 And 3.5 Voltage and current at the sending end can be given as 3.6 3.7 and are in phase, which is in consistent , with the fact that there is no power transfer. The phasor diagram shown in the figure. The voltage and current profiles in equation 1 and 2 are more conveniently expressed in terms of . 3.8 Phasor diagram of uncompensated line on open-circuit Voltage and current profile at no load condition. The general form of these profiles shown in fig 3.5 above. For a line 300km in the length at 50Hz, 3600 60 per 100km, so à °Ã‚ Ã…“ ½=6*3=180. Then and based on the SIL. The voltage rise on open circuit is called Ferranti Effect. Although the voltage rise of 5% seems small, the charging current is appreciable and in such a line it must all be supplied by the generator, which is forced to run at leading power factor, for which it must be underexcited. The reactive power absorption capability of a synchronous machine is limited for two main reasons The heating of the ends of the stator core increases during the under excited operation. The reduced field currents results in reduced internal emf of the machine and this weakens the stability. Note that a line for which à °Ã‚ Ã…“ ½=à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¼=à °Ã‚ Ã…“†¹/2 has a length of ÃŽÂ »/4 (one quarter length wavelength, i.e, 1500km at 50Hz) producing an infinite voltage rise. Operation of any line approaching this length is completely impractical without some means of compensation. In case of the sudden open-circuit of the line at the receiving end, the sending end voltage tends to rise immediately to open-circuit voltage of the sending end generators, which exceeds the terminal voltage by approximately the voltage drop due to the prior current flowing in their short circuit reactances. 3.4-Compensated transmission lines: Reactive power compensation means the application of reactive devices To produce a substantially flat voltage profile at all levels of power transmission. To improve stability by increasing the maximum transmissible power, and/or To supply the reactive power requirements in the most economical way. Ideally the compensation would modify the surge impedance by modifying the capacitive and/or inductive reactances of the line, so as to produce a virtual surge impedance loading that was always equal to the actual power being transmitted. Yet this is not sufficient to ensure the stability of the transmission, which depends also on the electrical line length. The electrical length can itself be modified by the compensation to have a virtual à °Ã‚ Ã…“ ½shorter than the uncompensated value, resulting in an increase in the steady state stability limit This consideration suggests two broad classification scheme, Surge impedance compensation and line length compensation. Line length compensation in particular is associated with series capacitors used in long distance transmission. Another compensation is called compensation by sectioning, which is achieved by connecting constant voltage compensators at intervals along the line. The maximum transmissible power is that of the weakest section but since this is necessarily shorter than the whole line, an increase in maximum power and , therefore , in stability can expected. 3.4.1-Passive and active compensators: Passive compensators include shunt reactors and capacitors and series capacitors. They modify the inductance and capacitance of the line. Apart from the switching, they are uncontrolled and incapable of continuous variation. For example, shunt reactors are used to compensate the line capacitance to limit voltage rise at the light load or no load condition. They increase the virtual surge impedance and reduce the virtual natural load Shunt capacitor may be used to augment the capacitance of the line under heavy loading. They generate reactive power which tend to boost the voltage. They reduce the virtual surge impedance and increase . Series capacitors are used for line length compensation. A measure of surge impedance compensation may be necessary in conjunction with series capacitors, and this may be provided by shunt reactors or by a dynamic compensator. Active compensators are usually shunt connected devices which have the property of tending to maintain a substantially constant voltage at their terminals. They do this by generating or absorbing precisely the required amount of corrective reactive power in response to any small variation of voltage at their point of connection. They are usually capable of continuous variation and rapid response. Active compensators may be applied either for surge impedance compensation or for compensation by sectioning. In compensation they are capable of all the functions performed by fixed shunt reactors and capacitors and have additional advantages of continuous variability with rapid response. Compensation by sectioning is fundamentally different in that it is possible only with active compensators, which must be capable of virtually immediate response to the smallest variation in power transmission or voltage. The table below summarizes the classification of the main type of compensators according to their usual functions. 3.4.2-Shunt compensation: Shunt reactors are used to limit the voltage rise at the light load or no load conditions. On long transmission they may be distributed at intermediate substations in shown in figure below voltage and current profile of shunt compensated system at no load. Consider the simple circuit above in figure, it has a single shunt reactor of reactance at the receiving end and a pure voltage source at the sending end. The receiving end voltage can be given as 3.9 3.10 Equation 7 shows that and are in phase, in keeping with the fact that the real power is zero. For receiving end voltage to be equal to sending end voltage , must be given by 3.11 The sending end current can be given as 3.12 using equation 3.9 and 3.11 3.13 Since , this means that the generator at the sending end behaves exactly like the shunt reactor at the receiving end in that both absorb the same amount of reactive which is evident from equation below. 3.14 Chapter 4 Ferrenti effect 4.1 Ferranti effect: A long transmission line draws a substantial quantity of charging current. If such a line is open circuited or very lightly loaded at the receiving end, the voltage at receiving end may become greater than voltage at sending end. This is known as Ferranti Effect and is due to the voltage drop across the line inductance (due to charging current) being in phase with the sending end voltages. Therefore both capacitance and inductance is responsible to produce this phenomenon. Another way of explaining Ferranti effect is based on net reactive power flow in the line. It is known that if the net reactive power generated in lie is more than the reactive power absorbed, the voltage at that point in the line becomes higher than the normal value and vice versa. The inductive reactance behaves like a sink in the line whereas the shunt capacitance generates the reactive power. If the line loading corresponds to the surge impedance loading, the voltage is same everywhere as reactive power absorbed in the line is equal to the reactive power generated. If the loading is less than SIL, generated power is more than generated power absorbed, therefore, the receiving end voltage is higher than sending end voltage. The capacitance (and charging current) is negligible in short line but significant in medium line and appreciable in long line. Therefore this phenomenon occurs in medium and long lines. Represent line by equivalent model. And the vector diagram can be given as OM = receiving end voltage Vr OC = Current drawn by capacitance = Ic MN = Resistance drop NP = Inductive reactance drop Therefore; OP = Sending end voltage at no load and is less than receiving end voltage (Vr) Since, resistance is small compared to reactance; resistance can be neglected in calculating Ferranti effect. From model, For open circuit, no load, There fore Or Or By neglecting resistance The quantity is constant in all line and is equal to velocity of propagation of electromagnetic waves (= 3 ÃÆ'- 102 km/sec) By substituting the values in the above derived equation And And finally From the above equation So or Receiving end voltage is greater than sending end voltage and this effect is called Ferranti Effect . 5.1, fig 4.10,4.6,4.4,4.2,4.1,3.5,3.4,2.1 Chapter 5 results and discussion Results and discussions: To simulate for my analysis, a radial system in the following figure was modeled as test system. Practical industrial data was acquired from Queensland Electric Commission which follows the Australian standard for conductors and enforces the transmission and distribution company to follow the standards. This acquisition was important to incorporate for more realistic analysis and observe the phenomenon as it is appeared in the real life transmission systems. Conductor types for the simulation were chosen from the provided list

Tracing the Moral Development of Huck Finn Essay -- Mark Twain The Adv

Tracing the Moral Development of Huck Finn Living in the 1800's wasn't an easy task. There were many hardships that a person had to endure. In the novel, The Adventures of Huck Finn, the author Mark Twain portrays the adventure of a young boy. Huck, the young boy, goes on a journey with various dilemmas. The novel starts off in Missouri on the Mississippi River. Huck is taken from his guardians by his father and then decides to runaway from him. On his journey, he meets up with his former slave, Jim. While Huck and Jim are traveling down the Mississippi River, they meet a variety of people. Throughout the novel he takes on many different tasks which help shape his moral conscience. Taking on a new friend which society shuns, being without material possessions, and taking responsibility for his actions help Huck refine and reform the morals that make him a more mature young man. Huck develops morally from his companion on his journey, Jim, a runaway slave. At first, Huck doesn't respect Jim because he's his slave. "†¦He slipped Jim's hat off his head and hung it on a limb right over him†¦" P.6. This shows how Huck likes to trick Jim and play games on him. Later the two meet up on an island and immediately befriend and join up together. "†¦I didn't do him no more mean tricks, and I wouldn't done that if I'd 'a' knew it would make him feel that way." P.86. Huck says this after fooling Jim and telling him that a real event was just a dream of his. He r...

The Vampire(TM) by Jack Prelutsky Poem

Choose a novel in which the novelist makes effective use of symbolism. Show how the writer made use of this technique to enhance your appreciation of the text as a whole. In your answer you must refer closely to the text, and to at least three of symbolism, theme, structure, or any other appropriate feature. â€Å"Lord of the Flies† by William Golding Have you ever imagined being stranded on a fictitious tropical island? , Or how about waking up one morning with a group of children on an island and finding out there is no sign of adult life? In the book â€Å"Lord of the flies† by William Golding these circumstances come true as a group of young boys are stranded on an island as they face their fight for survival following a plane crash. The boys face a tough task on the island as they face the expectance of the unknown. The night is still and sombre, and in the murky gloom, arisen from his slumber, the vampire leaves his tomb. His eyes are pools of fire, his skin is icy white, and blood his one desire this woe begotten night. Then through the silent city he makes his silent way, prepared to take no pity upon his hapless prey. An open window beckons, he grins a huge grin, and pausing not one second he swiftly climbs within. And there, beneath her covers, his victim lies asleep. With fangs agleam he hovers And with those fangs, bites deep. The vampire drinks till sated, he fills his every pore, and then, his thirst abated, licks clean the dripping gore. With powers now replenished, his thirst no longer burns, His quest this night is finished, so to his tomb he turns, and there awhile in silence he'll beneath the mud until, with thoughts of violence, he wakes and utters†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ blood! Jack Prelutsky. Out of all the alternatives which could have been my choice, I have picked ‘The Vampire' by Jack Prelutsky because of various reasons. In this essay, I will be explaining about some of the poem's features and why I have selected it as my favourite. First of all, the most intriguing thing was how the writer had formed such a vast and intense environment within the space of merely a few words: as soon I started reading this poem, I had no problem whatsoever settling into its mood and setting; the other factor which came to my interest was how quickly I had adapted to tone of the poem. From the very beginning of the poem, a vivid and ominous atmosphere is created- take the first stanza for example: â€Å"The night is still and sombre, and in the murky gloom, arisen from his slumber, the vampire leaves his tomb. † It is quite easy to notice the strong adjectives (still, sombre and murky) and the nouns (night and gloom) used by Jack Prelutsky to produce this dark and eerie setting. Throughout the poem, the vampire's intension is concealed by the writer-however, Jack Prelutsky does provide the reader with contextual clues: â€Å"blood his one desire† in line 3 of the second stanza and â€Å"upon his hapless prey† in the last line of the third stanza are just two of the phrases giving an vague idea of the vampire's objective. The writer used this technique as a tool to engage the reader to the poem, by making them try to figure out what was the vampire's purpose through the evidence he had given. In addition, the concept of rhyming can be seen in the poem; every stanza follows the rhyming pattern A B A B. This pattern is constant throughout each stanza of the poem, except, that is, the last: the last verse follows the pattern A B A C: the reason for the change of rhyming pattern in this verse is yet again one of the ingenious skills used by the writer to form a simple, but an immense effect. If the last line, â€Å"he wake and utters†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ blood! † is compared with the other lines of the poem, then many contrasts can be found among them. Firstly, this is the only line in the poem which uses an exclamation mark; in this case, the exclamation is placed there to show a sign of surprise and revelation in the last word of this line; an ellipsis is found just before the last word, to hold the reader in suspense, in doing so amplifying the surprise that follows. The change in the rhyming pattern in this line acts with the exclamation mark and the ellipsis to expand the contrast between this line and the rest of the poem and multiply the effects of the disclosure in the last verse. Numerous figures of speech are also seen in several parts of the poem. A metaphor is a word or a phrase applied in an imaginative way to compare two things or people of the same quality by saying that they â€Å"are/ is† the object to which they being compared with. Another figure of speech that is much alike to metaphor is simile; however, unlike metaphor, a simile compares two similar objects using words such as â€Å"like† or â€Å"as†. In this poem, Jack Prelutsky uses metaphor in many situations: â€Å"His eyes are pools of fire† and â€Å"his skin is icy white† are two of the metamorphic phrases in line 2 and 3 of the second stanza. There is another figure of speech within the phrase â€Å"His eyes are pool of fire†- if this phrase studied carefully then it would appear that â€Å"pool and fire†; two words which are the opposite of each other; is combined here to make a metaphor. When opposites are used together, like in this example, an oxymoron is produced. On the first line in the fourth verse, â€Å"An open window beckons†, another figure of speech is shown: this type is named personification. Personification is when an object-in here, the window- is given human qualities, which, in this phrase, is beckoning. Besides the personification and the metaphor, there is one example of alliteration-the repetition of letters and sounds for effect. This is in the first line of the poem, â€Å"The night is still and sombre†. All of these figures of speech work together with adjectives and adverbs to generate meanings beyond the literal meaning of words throughout the poem. There are other kinds of figures of speech such as onomatopoeia, assonance and pathetic fallacy- nevertheless they are not included in this poem. Although not everyone may prefer it and the vocabulary is rather difficult to fully understand, I personally think that this is great poem-overall, from my prospective, â€Å"The Vampire† by Jack Prelutsky is a narrative poem written with tremendous caution and elegance. The first sign of symbolism in the book is when one of the little boys, also known as ‘the littluns', tells the group that he saw â€Å"A snake-thing. Ever so big†. This puts the group into an uproar about how some sort of beast is lurking on the island. Being holder of the conch, Ralph tries to calm everybody down by saying â€Å"he must have had a nightmare†, but Jack just has to pop in stating that â€Å"if there was a snake we'd hunt it and kill it. During the night of the boy's search for the beast, Jack claims to have seen it. The following morning he calls a meeting and lets everyone know that there is really a beast. The beast a creation of the boys' minds, reflected as the most frightening object ever. The â€Å"beast† was slowly transformed from a bear to a flying, invisible, living thing, which eats everything in its way, especially human beings. It holds fear in the most terrifying way causing the end of the book to develop like it does. Although the beast they imagine doesn't exist, they flinch at the thought of the beast. This changes their behavior; they are so scared that they do not wander alone in the jungle. This fear, which the beast causes in the boys, allows Jack to keep his tribe under his command by creating an image for him. He is looked up upon as someone gutsy and strong, not scared of the beast unlike everyone else. The fire on the mountain is a symbol of escape and hope, and used as a signal for attracting the attention of passing boats/planes which might rescue them. Ralph introduced this idea in an attempt to establish a shift of kids for the maintenance of the fire. Towards the middle of the book, the shift wasn't followed, resulting in the fire being put out. It is easy to understand that when the fire burns high the boys have a high sense of hope of being rescued, but when the fire burns low because of neglect there is a low sense of hope and depression affects them all. Despite all of Ralph's attempts to keep the fire going throughout the book, Jack's authority is too strong and with the tribe Jack formed, Ralph is forced to let it burn out since he has no one to take care of the fire. The lord of the flies is a pig's head on a stake used as a sacrifice for the beast. It is given this name for the swarm of flies, which surround it. Jack believes that by giving the beast some food, the beast will not bother his tribe. At one point in the novel, it appears to be talking to Simon defining what is evil and what is good. This conversation inspires Simon to go to the mountain to find the beast. He realizes that the beast does not exist and this leads him to his death when he is brutally killed by the other kids because they thought he was the beast. The scar symbolizes a wound caused by mankind upon an untouched natural island. It is the place where the airplane crashed on the island. It plowed through the thick jungle, creating an area of chopped-down trees and shrubs. This is the place where Piggy and Ralph first met. Piggy introduced himself and became Ralph's companion. Close to the scar is the pool that Ralph and Piggy find the conch in. The conch is an symbol of peace, organization, and honesty for it has an authority which Ralph created at the beginning of the book. The conch is used to establish order in the boy's meetings because whoever has the conch, has the right to speak. The conch gave order in a world without grown ups and, like the law, it was respected, but when the kids realize that there was no punishment for disobeying it, they took advantage of the freedom to rebel against it. In the end of the book, when the conch is destroyed, Ralph is forced to give up and, with him; all the desperate attempts to be civilized are pointless. Golding presented numerous themes and basic ideas that give the reader something to think about. One of the most basic and obvious themes is that society holds everyone together, and without these conditions, our ideals, values, and the basics of right and wrong are lost. Golding is also showing that morals come directly from our surroundings, and if there is no civilization around us, we will lose these values. There were many other possible secondary themes I noticed in the book such as people will abuse power when it's not earned, When given a chance, people often single out another to degrade or improve their own security, You can only cover up inner savagery so long before it breaks out, given the right situation, It's better to examine the consequences of a decision before you make it than to discover them afterwards and the fear of the unknown can be a powerful force, which can turn you to either insight or madness. One thing I found interesting about this novel was I recognized that we must study and compare the characters of Jack and Ralph to understand Golding's meaning of the novel. Once the author lets the reader find the characters of similarities and differences it lets them understand Jack's and Ralph's rivalry. Golding tries to tell us a lesson of staying in a civilized society and not entering the dark and gloomy society. Watch the people around you for the people closest may be the people about to destroy civilization and the chance of being saved in this case. The Lord of the Flies† has so far been the one of the most interesting books I have ever read. The book is extremely addictive and written very cleverly, it did not take long for me to get into and finish it. Golding is an author with deep thoughts and a good understanding of human nature, which was very noticeable throughout the novel. I felt the novel was certainly both entertaining and educational. Entertaining in a way that the book is packed full of death, torture and most importantly, realism. Reading this book made feel as though I had my own character role in my mysterious exploration of the unknown. The educational side of the book I think was being on the adventure. What you learned from your experience. It lets you see what kind of issues you would have to handle or face up to if you were on the island with the others. If I was to trapped on an island now I think actually reading Lord of the Flies who fill me with experience and ideas to take me through my fight for survival.

Free Essays on Borges

The task of fiction is to construct a reality that mimics our notions of the real. For some authors, the notion of the real is itself a fiction. Jorge Luis Borges, considered a master of the short story form, constructed stories that parodied the power of fiction to penetrate and alter reality. His works are riddles which attempt to subvert our very notions of the real. He combined a peculiarly literary imagination, with a variety of obsessions, incorporating probing metaphysical interrogations, as well as elements of the fantastic, driven by a narrative logic which coheres on a supernatural plane . Because of the striking originality of his works, the adjective Borgesian has entered into the literary lexicon for stories and situations that connote some deeper, perplexing situation that is impenetrable to the human mind. Borges was born in 1899 in Argentina, and although he was steeped in the Spanish culture of his day, he actually spoke English as a first language. He grew up engrossed in the works of such authors as Edgar Allen Poe and Robert Louis Stevenson. Although he initially gained his reputation as a poet and essayist, it was not until the groundbreaking collection of stories, Ficciones, that he gained international renown. The initial stories of this book were written after a near fatal accident Borges had, when he slipped down a flight of stairs and fell headfirst on a rusty nail. After his stay in the hospital, he feared he had lost his talent, and began writing the story, Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote, as an attempt to prove to himself that he still possessed literary talent. This story, narrated in the form of book review, details the attempt of Pierre Menard, a modern author, to rewrite Cervantes’ epic Don Quixote, by reliving the experiences of Cervantes himself. It is comically absurd and contains all the essential elements of a trademark Borgesian narrative. After ficciones, he continued with a series of... Free Essays on Borges Free Essays on Borges The task of fiction is to construct a reality that mimics our notions of the real. For some authors, the notion of the real is itself a fiction. Jorge Luis Borges, considered a master of the short story form, constructed stories that parodied the power of fiction to penetrate and alter reality. His works are riddles which attempt to subvert our very notions of the real. He combined a peculiarly literary imagination, with a variety of obsessions, incorporating probing metaphysical interrogations, as well as elements of the fantastic, driven by a narrative logic which coheres on a supernatural plane . Because of the striking originality of his works, the adjective Borgesian has entered into the literary lexicon for stories and situations that connote some deeper, perplexing situation that is impenetrable to the human mind. Borges was born in 1899 in Argentina, and although he was steeped in the Spanish culture of his day, he actually spoke English as a first language. He grew up engrossed in the works of such authors as Edgar Allen Poe and Robert Louis Stevenson. Although he initially gained his reputation as a poet and essayist, it was not until the groundbreaking collection of stories, Ficciones, that he gained international renown. The initial stories of this book were written after a near fatal accident Borges had, when he slipped down a flight of stairs and fell headfirst on a rusty nail. After his stay in the hospital, he feared he had lost his talent, and began writing the story, Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote, as an attempt to prove to himself that he still possessed literary talent. This story, narrated in the form of book review, details the attempt of Pierre Menard, a modern author, to rewrite Cervantes’ epic Don Quixote, by reliving the experiences of Cervantes himself. It is comically absurd and contains all the essential elements of a trademark Borgesian narrative. After ficciones, he continued with a series of...

Overpopulation in China and India Essays

Overpopulation in China and India Essays Overpopulation in China and India Paper Overpopulation in China and India Paper Some of the policies created by China and India have shown to be very effective in repressing the growth of the population while others barely make a difference. Differing Ideas and approaches to enforcement have produced different effects which, ultimately, help people know whose policy is more effective. Chinas One-Child policy has proven to be more successful than Indians policies because the when the policys enactment, paired with strict enforcement, brought about beneficial effects. When India gained its independence from England in 1947, their economy Egan to improve and the country started to establish their authority in the world. In addition, their population started to grow at a more rapid pace. India had old traditions embedded in their culture. Traditions like child marriage, early pregnancy and having many children lead to uncontrolled increase in population. In 1952, when the government finally saw how scarce their resources had become, the National Population Policy became the first official step towards control over population growth (India Population and). It sought to address the need for contraception, healthcare infrastructure and o provide basic reproductive and child health care to its people. However, India was not rigid in implementing its policies. They took a milder approach in controlling the population by integrating family planning with general health care. The policies helped spread the word of the importance of having less children but it did not help reduce birth rates. In response to further reduce birth rates, more programs and policies were enacted. By 1975, population control became a regularly taught subject in school curriculums. Also, financial rewards were given to couples who refrained from having hillier for n;v0 years. Despite these attempts, none made a huge impact on the countrys increasing population. The government was able to inform couples the importance of having fewer children which caused a minor drop in birth rates, but not a significant one. The policy could be effective; because the policy was lenient and unforced, citizens would be more open to following it. At the same time, though, the flexibility will cause people to not take the policy seriously, resulting in no decrease in birth rates. Like India, China also faced a decreasing amount of resources with the rapidly increasing population. In 1 956, China took action to suppress a rapidly growing population with the use of propaganda. They soon realized that it made very little impact. After many attempts and failures, the government enacted the One-Child Policy law in 1 979 (Worded). This law stated that each family could only have one child except those with special circumstances (Worded). The program was a sophisticated system which rewarded those who observed the policy and penalized those who did not (Worded). If a family did not follow the One-Child Policy, they could receive a high fine, some amounting P to six times a couples annual income (Worth). Forced abortions and sterilization was common in women who did not obey the law (China steps). Those who adopted the law received special benefits. If a family agreed to have only one child, they received $72, a fortune for the Chinese people, after they turned 60 (China Rewards). China, as a result of their strife, has prevented around 400 million babies from being born, a successful feat for the overpopulated country (Retell). China has seen healthy economical growth which might not have happened if the population had been inappropriately larger. Thanks to the policy, other negative effects of overpopulation were thwarted and did not create a major impact to the society. Even with these benefits, there remain downfalls. A new dilemma has arisen named the 4-2-1 problem, which states that since a daughter or son in a family will be an only child, that one child must care for their two parents and their four grandparents when they are too old (Hester). Also, an even graver situation looms over China. Because the Chinese prefer boy children, the One-Child Policy means some couples may only get a female child. The overspent allows couples to have a second child if their first is a girl, but there are no third tries, even if the second is a girl as well (Worded). Many families, upset with their female child, have resorted to condemning their newborns to orphanages, abandoning them or even killing them. Because of the persecution of the female children, there are a smaller percentage of female children to male children (Fitzpatrick). The One-Child Policys strictness has been very beneficial to China in that it has prevented millions of births from occurring and helped in the countrys fight against pollution. However, the stern enforcement and punishment has led to couples abandoning and killing their babies and possible dilemmas for the future generations. In comparison, Chinas policy is clearly more effective than India in controlling their population. While Indians policy is mild, modest and not enforced, Chinas policy is strict and rigid. Indians policies make the citizens less likely to oppose the idea, but that same reason causes them to not think much of the rule, resulting in no birth rate decline. China, on the other hand, treats their policy much like a law. This makes the policy much more difficult to bypass. The rule may have brought upon some dilemmas, but even so, it has resulted in positive effects. Because of diligent enforcement, Chinas One-Child Policy has been more effective than Indians policies. It is projected that in 2030, India will surpass Chinas population. The projected population in India is 1. 53 billion and 1. 45 billion in China, which will be the countrys climax population. It is important to note however, that despite the efforts of both countries, China is still seeing a continued increase in birth rates but at a less paid pace compared to India.

Project management Thesis Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project management - Thesis Proposal Example This argument is particularly important in consideration of the fact that there are authors in the extant literature on research methodologies who explain that both of these methods could be at odds with each other, suggesting a degree of inefficacy (i.e. Poggie, DeWalt and Dressler, 1992, pp. 132). However, this researcher agrees with Flick’s position and further argues that effective features of each model should be adopted and reconciled so that identified research approaches from both paradigms complement each other, resulting to a more effective method of investigation. Naturally, the hybrid model proposed would mean that this study will utilize a number of research tools and techniques. For instance, data will be gathered using interviews, surveys and secondary sources and they will be presented as empirical data in the research discussion and analysis. The structure of the research is a logical flow of stages that incorporate qualitative and quantitative techniques. This is depicted in Fig. 1. It shows how the study would begin with interviewing resource persons. The focus group technique can prove to be invaluable at this stage. Once, approved, this researcher will devise a structured interview at once involving three to five stakeholders or industry resource persons. The purpose is to gain a significant knowledge and first-hand data on specific issues that would provide the insights necessary in developing a more effective questionnaire and research techniques. In the focus group interview, participants will be asked to respond to questions and allowed to respond to each other’s answers as well. Secondary sources will complement the data from the focus group interview. This will not only inform the next step in the study but also provide collaborative evidences and sources for comparative analysis. These

Information Technology Malware Management in the Enterprise Essay

Information Technology Malware Management in the Enterprise - Essay Example Every business or an enterprise ought to follow this classic approach with the â€Å"just-on-time† feature that entails malware information assessment and handling (IATAC, 2009). Background Malware problems are ever growing and continue to be a nuisance for computer users. Manufactures of malware programs have continued to increase over the years and by 2010, there were 14 million different malware programs recorded. An astonishing 60,000 sections of malicious code was being discovered every single day. A rather recent work known as the Koobface surfaced, its purpose was to target people on social networks and it’s created profited by making 2 million dollars in one year. A worm known as the Mariposa has been known to create the largest network of zombie machines on the entire planet. Experts, despite making their best efforts, could not calculate its exact size however they were able to pinpoint the number of computers that became infected by Mariposa which was over 12 million. What the worm did was drop spyware that stole susceptible information from the individuals who suffered, which includes bank account numbers and credit card credentials. This idea was completely planned by a solitary hacker in Spain who happened to make a blunder by chance that uncovered him and he was arrested (Milosevic, 2010). Forms of Malware Web attacks are counted amongst the foremost subtle and dangerous ways cyber criminals use. For instance, if you are searching any sites which may seem good and harmless but at the backend they are uploaded with various harmful malware which secretly get downloaded in the browser’s PC. It can happen as such that cyber criminals square measure all their probabilities and then they frame a hijack process. Mostly the advertising banners on these sites are used for such reasons hence it is extremely important that enterprises must place security barriers between the company’s system and internet arrangement (Baloch, 2011 ). Other forms within which malware can be formed include: Botnets Instant electronic messaging Phishing tries Skype malware Gaming malware Redirects If an administrator fails to execute an immediate action once he/she has recognized the entry of malware, then it can be ascertained that a door has been opened for criminals to siphon personal information from the computer. In the fight against the malicious software system, it isn't enough to treat individual infected machines. Enterprise Strategy for fighting Malware Too often, organizations create the error of treating malware infections as a series of irregular occurrences. Anytime a bug is discovered, IT merely cleans up or rebuilds the affected host and the whole system moves on with routine operational tasks. Nonetheless this approach does not permit the enterprise to stay up with progressively aggressive and innovative attack techniques used by malware authors. It is this time when management needs to take corrective action to bypass malware defenses, evade detection, and resist efforts to get rid of it (Zeltser, 2011). In fact, combating malware whether it is a big or a small enterprise atmosphere requires locating suspicious programs on servers and workstations and then executing the strategy for removing them. However it can also be done in the manner to conjointly investigate the areas infected and detecting the departments which interfere with the utilization of malware on the